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Text content of presentation slides: Exploration of the deep sea From the formula of hydrostatic pressure p = ρgh. it follows that at the same depth the fluid pressure is the same. It increases with depth. It reaches especially high values at the bottom of seas and oceans. For example, at a depth of 10 km, water pressure is about 100 million pascals! Some animals live at great depths. The body of these animals is adapted to existence under conditions of great pressure, and exactly the same pressure exists inside them. Man began to explore the underwater world in ancient times. Experienced, well-trained divers (pearl divers, sponge collectors), holding their breath for 1-2 minutes, dived without any equipment to a depth of 20-30 (and sometimes more) meters. At great depths, the difference between the water pressure compressing the chest and the air pressure inside it increases so much that a person no longer has enough strength to increase the volume of the chest when inhaling and fill the lungs with fresh air. At a depth exceeding 1.5 m, you can only breathe air that is compressed to a pressure equal to the pressure of water at a given depth. In 1943, the French J. Cousteau and E. Gagnan invented scuba gear - a special device with compressed air designed for human breathing under water. Scuba gear allows you to stay under water from a few minutes (at a depth of about 40 m) to an hour or more (at shallow depths). Scuba diving to depths of more than 40 m is not recommended, since inhaling air compressed to high pressure can lead to nitrogen narcosis. At great depths, a person can only work in a hard (“shell”) spacesuit. In the latter case, the diving depth can reach up to 300 m. A three-bolt cap is equipment for safe diving under water... The Project 677 Lada submarine is the latest Russian innovation in this area. To study the seas and oceans at great depths, bathyspheres and bathyscaphes are used. A bathysphere is a deep-sea vehicle in the shape of a ball (made of steel or titanium alloy). It is lowered under the water from the ship on a cable. Inside the ball are placed 1-2 people, air supplies, scientific equipment and a telephone for communication with the surface. The maximum diving depth achieved with the help of a bathysphere in 1948 is 1360 m. The bathyscaphe consists of a steel gondola ball, which accommodates a crew of 2-; 3 people, equipment, communications and life support equipment, and a float-body filled with a liquid lighter than water (usually gasoline). The immersion depth is regulated by dumping ballast or releasing some of the gasoline. The bathyscaphe moves using propellers. The first bathyscaphe was built and tested by the Swiss scientist O. Piccard in 1948. In January 1960, the scientist's son J. Piccard, together with D. Walsh, reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean (11,022 m) on the bathyscaphe. An English company created a special boat , capable of moving anywhere: both on water and under water, designed for three passengers. It weighs less than 400 kg and develops an amazing surface speed for such a vessel - 43 knots. Millionaire Richard Branson presented a miniature submarine for diving to record depths. The submarine, designed for just one person, can dive to a depth of 10 kilometers and work in autonomous mode for a day. The Traveler intends to explore the five deepest ocean trenches in the world QUESTIONS: 1. How can a person breathe while under water?2. What prevents people from diving at great depths without special equipment?3. What is scuba diving? Why does it use compressed air rather than ordinary air?4. What is the difference between a bathyscaphe and a bathysphere?
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Diving bell A diving bell is currently a means of transporting divers in diving equipment to depths to the work site and back, with their subsequent transfer to a decompression chamber, but this was not always the case. The first historically reliable mention of the use of a diving bell dates back to 1531, when Guglielmo di Lorena on a lake near the city of Rome at a depth of 22 meters tried to find treasures from sunken galleys. In the middle of the 17th century, Swedish divers under the leadership of Albrekt von Treileben, using a diving bell, managed to lift over 50 cannons from the sunken ship Vasa to the surface. There is also a description of the successful use of a diving bell in the 19th century to lift gold bars and coins from the sunken British frigate Tethys.
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A diving bell Historically, it was a primitive tool for lowering a person under water and was made in the form of a box or an overturned barrel. The bell with the diver inside was lowered under water and the air inside had a pressure equal to the pressure of the surrounding water. The internal air space of the bell allowed the diver to breathe for some time and perform active actions - to go out or swim out to inspect and repair the underwater part of ships or to search for sunken treasures. Having completed the work, the diver returned to the bell and the device was lifted to the surface of the sea (reservoir) using a crane or winch. In the 19th century, a number of inventors (mechanic Gausen, Siebe) improved the design of the diving bell, creating designs that are rightfully considered primitive diving suits
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Diving suit A diving suit is special equipment designed to isolate the diver from external environment. Parts of the equipment form a special shell, impermeable to gases and water. Spacesuits are divided into hard (normobaric, or atmospheric) and soft. Soft diving suit Made of rubber, helmet made of metal. Does not isolate the diver from the effects of external pressure (water). The most simple example Three-bolt diving equipment can serve as a soft diving suit.
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Diving suit A rigid diving suit is designed for underwater observation and diving work by an operator under conditions of normal internal pressure. Equipment designed for deep-sea (up to 600 meters) work, during which the suit pilot continues to be at normal atmospheric pressure, which, accordingly, relieves concern about decompression, excludes nitrogen, oxygen and other poisonings. Currently, the Russian Navy is supplied with four sets of hard diving suits “HS-1200” (Canadian company “Oceanworks”) with a working diving depth of 365 meters. A diving suit that allows you to descend to a depth of 365 meters
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Scuba Aqualung (from Latin aqua, water + English lung, lung = Aqua-lung, “Water lung”) or scuba ba (English SCUBA, Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, autonomous apparatus for breathing under water) - lung diving equipment that allows you to dive to depths of up to three hundred meters and easily move underwater. During the Second World War, devices with a closed breathing circuit were most popular. Working in the difficult conditions of German-occupied France, in 1943, Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Émile Gagnan invented the first safe and effective underwater breathing apparatus, called an aqualung, which Cousteau later successfully used to dive to depths of up to 60 meters without any harmful consequences.
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Scuba gear Components of scuba gear Cylinder - one or two metal cylinders with a volume of 7-18 liters (sometimes 20 and 22 liter cylinders are found). Regulator - there can be several on one scuba gear (depending on the tasks solved during the dive). It usually consists of two parts: a gearbox and a lung demand valve. A buoyancy compensator is not required, but is widely used nowadays. Records: December 22, 2003 - 313 meters, set by Englishman Mark Eliot. 2005 - 318 meters, installed by South African Nuno Gomez. July 5, 2005 - 330 meters, Pascal Bernabe, French.
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The sea has always drawn man to itself, maybe even more than the sky. The world's oceans are home to a huge number of plants, fish, and marine animals, including mammals. The sea has always drawn man to itself, maybe even more than the sky. The world's oceans are home to a huge number of plants, fish, and marine animals, including mammals.
There are several zones of ocean life. The upper layer of water, up to 300 meters deep, is the most populated, as this is the most illuminated part. The zone at a depth of 300 to 1000 meters is called the twilight region. There are several zones of ocean life. The upper layer of water, up to 300 meters deep, is the most populated, as this is the most illuminated part. The zone at a depth of 300 to 1000 meters is called the twilight region.
At a depth of over 1000 meters there is absolute darkness and extreme cold; there are no plants here. The pressure at great depths is very high, so at a depth of 3800 m the pressure is 400 kg/cm3, and at a depth of m it is already 7250 kg/cm3. At a depth of over 1000 meters there is absolute darkness and extreme cold; there are no plants here. The pressure at great depths is very high, so at a depth of 3800 m the pressure is 400 kg/cm3, and at a depth of m it is already 7250 kg/cm3.
The inhabitants of the deep sea have adapted to these difficult conditions in different ways. The inhabitants of the deep sea have adapted to these difficult conditions in different ways. The only source of food for deep-sea animals is the corpses of the inhabitants of the upper part of the ocean and bacteria. Their eyes are either absent or reach a high degree of development: sometimes they are huge in size, often placed on lateral outgrowths - stalks - or telescopic, equipped with a lens system. Blind forms have special long body appendages - sensitive tentacles - to search for prey. Many organisms have complex luminous organs that attract prey.
Deep-sea fauna is obtained for research using fishing devices and trawls lowered from the vessel as traps on steel cable. Deep-sea fauna is obtained for research using fishing devices and trawls lowered from the vessel as traps on a steel cable.
I don’t know if there is a more interesting activity than exploring the depths of the sea, because even now, not only most of the secrets of the ocean remain mysteries for people, but not all parts of the ocean have been visited by man. Every year, scientists discover more and more new species of previously unknown animals and plants. I don’t know if there is a more interesting activity than exploring the depths of the sea, because even now, not only most of the secrets of the ocean remain mysteries for people, but not all parts of the ocean have been visited by man. Every year, scientists discover more and more new species of previously unknown animals and plants.
Sea inhabitants
Prepared by Grigorieva S.A.
Shark
This is the biggest fish. She is a very ancient animal. Sharks of life at a time when dinosaurs inhabited the earth. She has many large and sharp teeth. They have very good hearing and sense of smell, and they swim with the help of fins at high speed.
Many sharks are predators, feed on fish and can even attack humans, so they are very dangerous.
Blue shark Considered a man-eating shark, there is a lot of evidence that it attacks people injured in shipwrecks and swimmers.
Shark - a storm for all fish -
Dangerous predator in the ocean
There are no number of shark teeth
There are seven rows in the mouth.
Shark fin - like alarm -
It is strictly forbidden to swim there,
Otherwise, the shark will eat you!
Blue whale
A huge animal lives in the seas and oceans - the whale. The whale feeds on plankton, filtering water through a special lattice of plates in its mouth - the baleen.
Blue whale
Whales look like fish, but they are not fish, but animals. They are warm to the touch, just like us or other animals. A thick layer of fat under the skin helps them retain this heat.
Sleeping on the waves rocking A very nice blue whale. It's huge in size The bravest in the ocean. He drinks water, eats plankton, That's why he is strong.
Dolphin
And a dolphin and a fish! Dolphins are sometimes even called “people of the sea” because they are very smart. They, like us, have a warm body (we and they are warm-blooded, since we have warm blood. Dolphins rise to the surface, inhale air through a special hole on their head and dive again, holding their breath.
Dolphins swim in the sea, Backs flash among the waves. They were just here They played and sailed away.
Killer whales
And the killer whale is not a fish either! They are black and white in color. Has a reputation as a cruel and very dangerous predator; in fact, the killer whale, like other carnivores, attacks the animals on which it feeds, but there is no evidence that it has attacked people.
Two killer whales cut the wave, It’s like their hands are two fins. We didn’t know life without each other, They don't need life without each other.
Octopus
An octopus has eight tentacles; it lives on the seabed and can change color to adapt to its environment.
Octopuses, octopuses You have so many legs If you played football More than one would have scored a goal!
sea turtle
She has a shell, instead of legs she has flippers and the turtle swims well. A sea turtle cannot hide its head in its shell.
Hey sea turtle Take me for a ride Along the waves of crazy lambs Then land on the sand.
Jellyfish
Jellyfish are more than 90% water; Some jellyfish can cause a painful burn.
Jellyfish looks an awful lot like jelly: Transparent, trembling on the running wave, But we won’t eat that jelly with you, Mom's porridge is enough for us.
Scat
It has a highly flattened body, which gives the impression that it is “flying” on water. Basically, the stingray lives on the bottom, at moderate depths, where it is remarkably camouflaged. Some species of stingray have a long spine on their back that secretes a strong poison. The mouth, located on the belly, has a lot of sharp teeth.
Now let's check what you remember.
RIDDLES
Here is the expanse of the ocean A mountain with a fountain plows through, The tail beats, the water boils - Floating is important.
(Whale)
The front ones are flippers, and the back ones are paws! There is an oval shell. Looks like a hat! Knowing no other home other than the sea, It will give life to its offspring by crawling onto the sand.
(Sea turtle)
Crystal saucer! Don't see the saucer? Or maybe the umbrella is lying on the waves? There are tentacles in it - spokes. And touch those knitting needles Not everyone can decide. There is fear of getting burned!
(Jellyfish)
He looks cute At least it can be poisonous! The mollusk has eight legs. That's bottom...
(Octopus)
Whale? Or maybe a dolphin Black and white giant? Lives in the oceans It eats living creatures ravenously.
(Killer Whale)
Like a torpedo with fins. With very scary fangs! With a keen sense of smell he senses the victim, Day and night everything moves.
(Shark)
Exploration of the deep sea. Man began to explore the underwater world in ancient times. Experienced, well-trained divers (pearl collectors), holding their breath for 1-2 minutes, dived without any equipment to a depth of (and sometimes more than) meters.
To increase the time spent under water, people initially used breathing tubes made of reeds, leather bags with a supply of air, as well as a “diving bell” (in the upper part of which, when immersed in water, an “air cushion” was formed, from which a person received air.
At a depth exceeding 1.5 m, you can only breathe air that is compressed to a pressure equal to the pressure of water at a given depth. At a depth exceeding 1.5 m, you can only breathe air that is compressed to a pressure equal to water pressure at a given depth.
In 1943, the French J. Cousteau and E. Gagnan invented scuba gear - a special apparatus with compressed air designed for human breathing under water. Thanks to this invention, underwater swimming became an exciting and widespread sport.
Scuba gear allows you to stay under water from a few minutes (at a depth of about 40 m) to an hour or more (at shallow depths). Scuba diving to depths of more than 40 m is not recommended because... Inhaling air compressed to high pressure can lead to nitrogen narcosis. A person's coordination of movements is impaired, and his consciousness becomes clouded.
The bathyscaphe is not connected by a cable to the ship and is an autonomous (self-propelled) device. The first bathyscaphe was built and tested by the Swiss scientist O. Piccard in 1948. In January 1960, the scientist's son J. Piccard, together with D. Walsh, reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean on the bathyscaphe. Its maximum depth (measured in 1957 by the Soviet research vessel Vityaz) is m.
