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The presentation "Cognitive Processes" describes a number of cognitive processes occurring in the human mind: sensation, perception, imagination, memory, thinking, speech and attention. For some of them a separate classification is given.
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COGNITIVE PROCESSES Completed by: 2nd year student Nizamova Lyubov
PLAN: COGNITIVE PROCESSES SENSATIONS PERCEPTION ATTENTION MEMORY IMAGINATION THINKING SPEECH
Cognitive processes are mental processes that ensure the receipt, storage and reproduction of information and knowledge from the environment. COGNITIVE PROCESSES
Cognitive processes Processes of sensory cognition: sensations; perception; attention; memory; imagination; Processes of rational cognition: thinking; speech. TYPES OF COGNITIVE PROCESS
Sensation is the simplest cognitive process, consisting of reflecting individual properties of objects and phenomena of the material world, as well as internal states of the body under the direct influence of stimuli on receptors. FEELINGS
CLASSIFICATION OF SENSATIONS by quality: taste; olfactory; tactile; auditory; visual; by localization: exteroceptive; distant; contact; interoceptive; proprioceptive.
TASTE SENSATIONS Taste sensations play a significant role in adjusting the emotional state; through the autonomic nervous system, taste, along with smell, affects the thresholds of other receptor systems, for example, visual and hearing acuity, the state of skin sensitivity and proprioceptors.
OLFLATIVE SENSATIONS Olfaction is the ability to sense smells. A person’s olfactory sensitivity is closely related to taste and helps to recognize the quality of food. Olfactory sensations warn a person about a dangerous air environment for the body. The incense of objects has a great influence on a person’s emotional state.
TOUCH SENSATIONS Tactile sensation is one of the five main types of senses in humans, consisting of the ability to feel physical touch on objects, to perceive something with receptors located in the skin, muscles, and mucous membranes.
AUDITORY SENSATIONS Auditory sensations are of great importance in human life. The source of auditory sensations is a variety of sounds acting on the organ of hearing. Auditory sensations reflect noise, music and speech sounds.
VISUAL SENSATIONS Visual sensations have a great influence on a person. All warm colors have a positive effect on a person’s performance, excite him and cause good mood. Cool colors calm a person.
E xteroceptive sensations bring to a person information coming from the outside world, and are the main group of sensations that connect a person with external environment. EXTEROCEPTIVE SENSATIONS
Distant sensations, on the contrary, are those in which the stimulus causes sensations that act on the senses from some distance. These senses include smell and especially hearing and vision. DISTANT SENSATIONS
Contact sensations include those in which the impact causing the sensation must be applied directly to the surface of the body and the corresponding perceived organ. CONTACT SENSATIONS
Interoceptive sensations - signal a state internal processes body. They arise due to receptors located: on the walls of the stomach, intestines, heart, blood vessels and other organs; inside muscles and other organs. INTEROCEPTIVE SENSATIONS
Proprioceptive sensations provide signals about the position of the body in space and, first of all, about the position in space of the musculoskeletal system. They form the afferent basis of human movements and play a decisive role in their regulation. PROPRIOCEPTIVE SENSATIONS
PERCEPTION Perception is a cognitive mental process that provides a holistic reflection of objects, situations and events that arises from the direct impact of physical stimuli on the senses.
The perception of space is a necessary condition for human orientation. The perception of time is a reflection of the objective duration, speed and sequence of phenomena of reality. The perception of motion is a reflection of the change in position that objects occupy in space. TYPES OF PERCEPTION
PROPERTIES OF PERCEPTION objectivity - the relationship of information received from the surrounding world to this world integrity - a holistic image that is formed on the basis of a generalization of knowledge about the individual properties and qualities of an object, obtained in the form of various sensations. structure - is not a simple sum of sensations, their generalized sum is constancy - the perception of surrounding objects as relatively constant in shape, size, color, etc. meaningfulness - subject to the control of consciousness
ATTENTION Attention is a property of the psyche that expresses its direction and concentration on certain objects while simultaneously distracting from other objects for a certain period of time.
FUNCTIONS OF ATTENTION: selection of significant impacts that would correspond to the needs of this activity; ignoring other, less significant competing influences; regulation of activity and control: retention, preservation and execution of an action until the result is obtained.
voluntary involuntary post-voluntary TYPES OF ATTENTION
MEMORY Memory is a form of mental reflection; it is the process of imprinting, storing and reproducing what a person reflected, did or experienced.
TYPES OF MEMORY visual-figurative memory - memory, which is a memory for visual, sound, tactile, olfactory, etc. images; verbal-logical memory - memory for the meaning of the presentation, its logic, for the relationship between the elements of information received in dictionary form; motor memory - memory for movements; emotional memory - memory for experiences.
IMAGINATION Imagination is a mental cognitive process characterized by the active transformation of existing ideas about the surrounding reality and is expressed in the construction of new images and their combinations.
TYPES OF IMAGINATION active imagination - imagination associated with the implementation of specific practical activities. Depending on the nature of the image being created, active imagination can be reconstructive or creative. passive imagination is an imagination characterized by the creation of images that are subsequently not embodied in practical matters and activities. Depending on volitional efforts, it can be intentional or unintentional.
FUNCTIONS OF IMAGINATION - representation in the psyche of reality in images (a person can transform images and create new ones based on ideas); regulation of activity and behavior (when faced with a problematic situation, a person first builds a program for resolving it and predicts the result, and then carries out practical actions); management of emotional states (imagination is the basis of emotional self-regulation).
THINKING Thinking is an indirect and generalized reflection of reality, a type of mental activity consisting in knowledge of the essence of things and phenomena, natural connections and relationships between them.
Speech is a specifically human way of forming and formulating thoughts using linguistic means; it is a historically established form of communication between people using sound and visual signs SPEECH
TYPES OF SPEECH External speech Internal speech is a special type of human speech activity, directly related to the unconscious, automatically occurring processes of translating thoughts into words and back. Oral: diological; monologue. Written speech is verbal (verbal) communication using written texts. Signing is a way of communication between people who are deaf and deaf using a system of gestures.
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TOPIC #2: COGNITIVE PROCESSES
STUDY QUESTIONS: Sensation Perception Representations Memory Thinking Speech Attention
PRILEPINA Olga Vladimirovna
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A mental process is the course of a mental phenomenon caused by both external influences and stimuli coming from internal environment body.
The central place in the human psyche is occupied by cognitive processes: sensation; perception; performance; imagination; attention; memory; thinking; speech.
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FEELINGS
Sensation is the simplest mental cognitive process of reflection in a person’s consciousness of individual properties and qualities of objects and phenomena that directly affect his senses.
main external signs of objects and phenomena; state internal organs.
receptors that perceive irritation; conductive nerve pathways; awareness of signals by the cerebral cortex.
From a physiological point of view, they represent activity
Reflect
Stimuli are objects and phenomena of reality that affect our senses.
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TYPES OF SENSATIONS
EXTERORECEPTIVE - visual; - olfactory; - taste; - auditory; - temperature; - tactile
INTERORECEPTIVE - sensations of pain, - sensations of balance; - sensations of acceleration
PROPRIORECEPTIVE - musculomotor
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PERCEPTION
Perception is a reflection in a person’s consciousness of the senses, objects and phenomena in general that directly affect his organs.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION analytical type of perception synthetic type of perception
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VIEWS
Representation is a mental cognitive process of recreating (reproducing) specific images of objects and phenomena of the external world that previously affected our senses.
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MEMORY
Memory is the mental process of capturing, storing and reproducing what a person reflected, did or experienced. The evolutionary initial types of memory are genetic and mechanical memory. Genetic memory is a memory that is stored in the genotype, transmitted and reproduced by inheritance. Rote memory is the mechanical ability to learn and gain experience. This memory is accumulated, but not stored. It is based on repetition without understanding the actions performed and memorizing the material. A person also has voluntary, logical and indirect memory.
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MEMORY CHARACTERISTICS
ACCURACY READINESS MEMORY PROPERTIES VOLUME SPEED DURATION
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UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF MEMORY MECHANISMS
1. When memorizing material, it is best to reproduce its beginning or end (“edge effect”). 2. Memorization improves when the material is repeated several times over several hours or days. 3. Any repetition contributes to better memorization of what has been learned. Repetition should not be mechanical, but logical. 4. A memorization mindset leads to better memorization. It is very helpful to connect the material to the purpose of the activity. 5. One of the interesting effects of memory is the phenomenon of reminiscence. This is an improvement over time in the reproduction of the studied material, without any additional repetition. Reminiscence most often occurs on the second or third day after memorizing the material. 6. Simple events that make a strong impression on a person are remembered immediately, firmly and for a long time. 7. A person can experience more complex and less interesting events many times, but they are not stored in memory for long. 8. Any new impression does not remain isolated in memory. The memory of the event changes because... comes into contact with another impression. 9. A person’s memory is always connected with his personality. Therefore, any pathological changes in personality are always accompanied by memory impairment. 10. Human memory is always lost and restored according to the same “scenario”. When memory loss occurs, the more complex and recent impressions are lost first. When restoring, on the contrary, simpler and older memories are restored first, then more complex and recent ones.
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THINKING
FEATURES OF LEAKING
INTERMEDIATE CHARACTER
BASED ON KNOWLEDGE
IT PROCEEDS FROM LIVING CONTEMPTION, BUT IS NOT REDUCED TO IT
REFLECTION OF CONNECTIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS IN VERBAL FORM
CONNECTED WITH PRACTICAL HUMAN ACTIVITY
Thinking is a mental cognitive process of reflecting significant connections and relationships of objects and phenomena of the objective world.
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THOUGHT OPERATIONS
FORMS OF THINKING TYPES OF THINKING WAYS OF THINKING
ANALYSIS - SYNTHESIS - COMPARISON - ABSTRACT - GENERALIZATION - SPECIFICATION
CONCEPT - JUDGMENT - CONCLUSION
VISUAL-ACTIVE - IMAGERY - ABSOLUTE
INDUCTION - DEDUCTION
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SPEECH PROPERTIES OF SPEECH EXPRESSIVENESS IMPACT CLEARANCE CONTENTNESS TEACHING INSTRUCTION REQUEST ORDER INSTRUCTION ADVICE
Speech is the process practical application a person of language to communicate with other people.
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IMAGINATION
CREATIVE; RECREATING
INTENTIONAL UNINTENTIONAL
PASSIVE ACTIVE
IMAGINATION is the mental process of creating new images based on previously perceived ones.
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ATTENTION
Attention is the direction and concentration of consciousness on certain objects or certain activities while distracting everything else.
FUNCTIONS Selection Retention
Regulation and control
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PRACTICAL LESSON No. 1
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 1. Stages of development of psychology 2. Mental as a subjective reflection of the objective world 3. Social and individual consciousness 4. The problem of biological and social in human nature 5. Mental cognitive processes TOPICS OF REPORTS AND ABSTRACTS 1. The origin of psychological thought in the countries of the Ancient East 2 .The state and development of Soviet psychological science 3. Identification of consciousness as a subject of psychology in philosophical teachings 4. Development of psychological science in the Renaissance 5. W. Wund's contribution to experimental psychology 6. Basic concepts of psychoanalysis by S. Freud 7. Development of psychological views in Russia 8 . Basic provisions of the reflex theory of I.M. Sechenov 9. Sensations as a source of human knowledge 10. Memory and patterns of its development
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Mental phenomena are any manifestations of the human psyche. All mental phenomena are divided into three categories: Mental processes Mental states Mental properties
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Mental processes are the fastest, short-term mental phenomena. They are a response to current events. Mental processes are closely interconnected and merge into one mental process. The interconnection of mental processes lies in the fact that perception is impossible without sensations, memory without perception, and attention without thinking. Mental processes include: sensation, perception, attention, memory, thinking, speech, imagination.
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Sensation is a reflection of the properties of the external environment arising under the influence of the action of various stimuli on the senses. Charles Sherrington identified three types of sensations: Interoceptive - reflect the state of internal organs (hunger, thirst, pain). Receptors are located in the heart, stomach walls, and blood vessels. Proprioceptive - receptors in muscles and tendons. Reflect human movements (kinesthetic) and state of balance. Escteroceptive. Receptors are located on the surface of the body and connect with the external environment. These include the five senses
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Distant sensations include vision, hearing, and smell. Contact taste, touch, pain, temperature and organic sensations (from internal organs) and motor ones. Also vestibular and vibrational.
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Perception is the process of receiving and processing information in order to create a holistic subjective image of an object based on sensations. Perception includes sensations and their understanding. Perception forms an image from different sensations, for example, the image of a cup of coffee may include its appearance, the smell of coffee and its taste.
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Objectivity – as holistic images and not a set of sensations. Apperception is a dependence on the content of the psyche. Constancy – constancy of perception regardless of stimulus information. Meaningfulness – the object is consciously perceived. Stages of comprehension. Selection. The subject is isolated from the flow of information Organization. It's called. Categorization. Belongs to a certain category and is endowed with its features.
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Experience is perception in accordance with past experience. Needs – affects what a person needs. Self-concept. The perception of the world is grouped around the perception of oneself. Installation of perception. We see what we expected and are ready to see. Sweet porridge effect. Personal characteristics. Optimism forms positive features of the image.
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Attention is the selective focus of perception on a specific object. Attention arises when there is interest in something and reflects the direction of the individual’s needs. Described by direction and concentration. Concentration means the concentration of perception and its abstraction from other objects or properties.
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Switchability - conscious complete transfer of attention from one object to another Volume - the number of objects covered simultaneously Stability - the ability to maintain concentration for a certain time Concentration - the ability to voluntarily direct attention to a specific object
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Involuntary attention – occurs regardless of a person’s will. Voluntary – associated with volitional effort and accompanied by tension. Post-voluntary – based on the conscious choice of an object and is associated with the presence of interest. Attention shapes figure and ground. In the picture you can see both the girl and the skull.
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Memory is a mental function that ensures the preservation and reproduction of information about the environment.
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Law of repetition Law of meaningfulness Law of edge Law of installation Law of incompleteness Law of action Law of optimal row length Law of context Law of inhibition Law of interest
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Short-term memory allows you to retain information without repetition for several minutes. George Miller conducted experiments and found that an average of 7+-2 elements remain in short-term memory. Today, the volume of 4-5 elements is more often called. Grouping effect - memory capacity increases if you group objects according to their meaning in groups of three. “Ebbinghaus Curve” - the longer the period of time, the less information is stored.
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Thinking is the highest level of cognition and reflection. In its course, a person comprehends those properties, connections and relationships of objects that cannot be perceived directly. Thinking uses both the accumulation of information and its comprehension through judgments and inferences.
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Visually effective. Sensorimotor intelligence according to Piaget. Thought is inseparable from action. Occurs in children aged 1 to 3 years. Concretely figurative. Associated with the formation of images of specific objects and the ability to operate with images separately from objects. Formed from 3 years of age. Abstract-logical. The ability to form abstract (generalized) concepts and the formation of hypothetical constructs. Appears from the age of 7 and fully develops by 15-16 years.
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Comparison - establishing similarities and differences Analysis - dividing an object into parts to study its properties and structure. Synthesis is a way to assemble a whole from parts or phenomena. Abstraction is a distraction from the unimportant properties of objects and the creation of generalized concepts reflecting important properties. A specific concept is a category of objects. Abstract concepts reflect properties, such as “wisdom.” Concretization – isolating the particular from the general. For example, from the concept of a person - a man and a woman. Idealization is the selection of some property of an object and bringing it to completeness, to the maximum.
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Hypothesis Induction is the ascent in the process of thinking from the particular to the general. Deduction is a movement using inferences from the general to the specific. Classification Generalization
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Speech is a way of communication between people using linguistic structures. Involves formulating thoughts language means and their understanding. A verbal sign has a meaning - a connection with objectively existing objects and their properties. Personal meaning is the subjective experience of the content of a word.
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I.P. Pavlov believed that only speech activity makes it possible for a person to abstract from reality and generalize, which is a feature of human thinking. Language serves as a means of preserving social experience, a means of communication and an intellectual tool for thinking.
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The ability to create and manipulate images and concepts. Simulation, planning and play depend on it.
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Imagination is divided into: Reproductive (reproduction of reality) Productive (creative); with relative and absolute novelty of images. Operations of imagination: Agglutination - the creation of a whole from parts of different objects. Hyperbolization - increasing the scale. Litholysis – reduction. Typification is the identification of similarities. Recurring in different phenomena
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Graham Wallace identified the stages of creative thinking. Accumulation of information Incubation Insight Verification.
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Representation is the process of mentally recreating images of objects and phenomena that currently do not affect the senses. The mental image itself is also called. A representation can be defined as a visual image of an object or phenomenon presented before a person’s mental gaze.
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Perception-based representations. Such representations can be close to visual images and have varying degrees of generalization. From them the image of the human world is formed. Thought-based concepts are abstract and have few concrete features. Ideas can be formed on the basis of imagination and are a product of creativity.
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TOPIC No. 2: COGNITIVE PROCESSES STUDYING QUESTIONS: Sensation Perception Representation Memory Thinking Speech Attention Olga Vladimirovna PRLEPINA
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A mental process is the course of a mental phenomenon caused by both external influences and stimuli coming from the internal environment of the body. The central place in the human psyche is occupied by cognitive processes: sensation; perception; performance; imagination; attention; memory; thinking; speech.
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SENSATIONS Sensation is the simplest mental cognitive process of reflection in a person’s consciousness of individual properties and qualities of objects and phenomena that directly affect his senses. SENSATIONS are the main external signs of objects and phenomena; condition of internal organs. receptors that perceive irritation; conductive nerve pathways; awareness of signals by the cerebral cortex. From a physiological point of view, they represent activity. Reflect. Stimuli are objects and phenomena of reality that affect our senses.
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EXTERORECEPTIVE - visual; - olfactory; - taste; - auditory; - temperature; - tactile INTERORECEPTIVE - sensations of pain, - sensations of balance; - sensations of acceleration PROPRIORECEPTIVE - musculomotor
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PERCEPTION Perception is a reflection in a person’s consciousness of the senses, objects and phenomena in general that directly affect his organs. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION analytical type of perception synthetic type of perception
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REPRESENTATIONS Representation is a mental cognitive process of recreating (reproducing) specific images of objects and phenomena of the external world that previously affected our senses.
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MEMORY Memory is the mental process of imprinting, preserving and reproducing what a person reflected, did or experienced. The evolutionary initial types of memory are genetic and mechanical memory. Genetic memory is a memory that is stored in the genotype, transmitted and reproduced by inheritance. Rote memory is the mechanical ability to learn and gain experience. This memory is accumulated, but not stored. It is based on repetition without understanding the actions performed and memorizing the material. A person also has voluntary, logical and indirect memory.
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MEMORY CHARACTERISTICS ACCURACY READINESS MEMORY PROPERTIES CAPACITY SPEED DURATION
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UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES OF OPERATING MEMORY MECHANISMS 1. When memorizing material, it is best to reproduce its beginning or end (“edge effect”). 2. Memorization improves when the material is repeated several times over several hours or days. 3. Any repetition contributes to better memorization of what has been learned. Repetition should not be mechanical, but logical. 4. A memorization mindset leads to better memorization. It is very helpful to connect the material to the purpose of the activity. 5. One of the interesting effects of memory is the phenomenon of reminiscence. This is an improvement over time in the reproduction of the studied material, without any additional repetition. Reminiscence most often occurs on the second or third day after memorizing the material. 6. Simple events that make a strong impression on a person are remembered immediately, firmly and for a long time. 7. A person can experience more complex and less interesting events many times, but they are not stored in memory for long. 8. Any new impression does not remain isolated in memory. The memory of the event changes because... comes into contact with another impression. 9. A person’s memory is always connected with his personality. Therefore, any pathological changes in personality are always accompanied by memory impairment. 10. Human memory is always lost and restored according to the same “scenario”. When memory loss occurs, the more complex and recent impressions are lost first. When restoring, on the contrary, simpler and older memories are restored first, then more complex and recent ones.
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THINKING FEATURES OF PROCESS INTERMEDIATE CHARACTER RELIANCE ON KNOWLEDGE COMES FROM LIVING CONTEMPTION, BUT DOES NOT REDUCE IT REFLECTION OF CONNECTIONS AND RELATIONS IN VERBAL FORM CONNECTED WITH THE PRACTICAL ACTIVITY OF HUMAN Thinking is mental cognitive the process of reflecting significant connections and relationships of objects and phenomena of the objective world.
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SPEECH PROPERTIES OF SPEECH EXPRESSIVENESS IMPACT UNDERSTANDING CONTENT EDUCATION INSTRUCTION REQUEST ORDER INSTRUCTION ADVICE Speech is the process of a person’s practical use of language to communicate with other people.
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EXPRESSIONS FUNCTIONS OF SPEECH IMPACTS MESSAGES DESIGNATIONS TYPES OF SPEECH ORAL WRITTEN INTERNAL MONOLOGICAL DIALOGICAL EXTERNAL
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IMAGINATION IS CREATIVE; RECREATING INTENTIONAL UNINTENTIONAL PASSIVE ACTIVE IMAGINATION is the mental process of creating new images based on previously perceived ones
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TYPES OF ATTENTION involuntary voluntary post-voluntary
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PRACTICAL LESSON No. 1 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 1. Stages of development of psychology 2. Mental as a subjective reflection of the objective world 3. Social and individual consciousness 4. The problem of biological and social in human nature 5. Mental cognitive processes TOPICS OF REPORTS AND ABSTRACTS 1. The origin of psychological thought in countries of the Ancient East 2. State and development of Soviet psychological science 3. Isolation in philosophical teachings of consciousness as a subject of psychology 4. Development of psychological science in the Renaissance 5. W. Wund's contribution to experimental psychology 6. Basic concepts of psychoanalysis by S. Freud 7. Development of psychological views in Russia 8. Basic provisions of the reflex theory of I.M. Sechenov 9. Sensations as a source of human knowledge 10. Memory and patterns of its development
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PRACTICAL LESSON No. 1 LITERATURE 1. Gippenreiter Yu.B. Introduction to general psychology. M., 1996 2. Daniel Lapp. The art of remembering and forgetting/Daniel Lapp. St. Petersburg: Peter, 1995 3. Dyachenko M.I. Brief psychological dictionary / M.I. Dyachenko, L.A. Kandybovich. Minsk: Halton, 1998 4. Zhdan A.N. History of psychology from antiquity to modern times / A.N. Zhdan. Minsk, 1999 5. Mironenko V.V. Popular psychology / V.V.Mironenko. M.: Education, 1990 6. Psychology of memory: a textbook on psychology / Yu.B. Gippenreiter, V.Ya. Romanova. M.: CheRo, 2000 7. Psychology of sensations and perception: a textbook on psychology, ed. Yu.B. Gippenreiter, V.V. Lyubimova, M.B. Mikhalevskaya. M.: CheRo, 1999 8. Rubinstein S.L. Fundamentals of general psychology/S.A. Rubinstein. SPb: Peter. 1998
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