What are Roman numerals? These are the numbers that were used by the ancient Romans in a non-positional number system. Roman numerals have several interesting features and one of them is that if a smaller number comes before a larger one, then the smaller one is subtracted from the larger one, and if a smaller one comes after the larger one, then those numbers are added.
Roman numerals are still used today. For example, they are often used in dials or when writing stories, poems, problems, etc. Today we’ll talk about how to write Roman numerals on the keyboard.
First, let's remember how Roman numerals are designated:
Formally, Latin letters are used for designation, so they can be used to represent Roman numerals. To do this, I will give a few examples so that you can understand.
In general, I think the essence is clear to you. Using Roman numerals is not at all difficult if you do not forget the rules of construction.
If you don't want to use Latin letters, you can use ASCII - this is a table in which you can find printable and non-printable numeric codes. It is available on any Windows operating system.
To use the codes, you need to do the following: enable Num Lock mode if it is disabled (this is a button on the keyboard).
Then press and hold the ALT key and type the appropriate combination of numbers on the secondary keyboard.
This method is not very convenient, so it is easier to use capital letters.
The Roman numbering system using letters was common in Ancient Rome and Europe for two thousand years. Only in the late Middle Ages was it replaced by a more convenient decimal system of numbers, borrowed from the Arabs (1,2,3,4,5...).
But, until now, Roman numerals indicate dates on monuments, time on clocks and (in the Anglo-American typographic tradition) pages of book prefaces, clothing sizes, chapters of monographs and textbooks. In addition, in Russian it is customary to use Roman numerals to denote ordinal numbers. The Roman numeral system is currently used to designate centuries (XV century, etc.), AD. e. (MCMLXXVII, etc.) and months when indicating dates (for example, 1. V. 1975), in historical monuments of law as article numbers (Karolina, etc.)
To designate numbers, 7 letters of the Latin alphabet were used (the first letter of the words is five, ten, fifty, one hundred, five hundred, thousand):
I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500, M = 1000
C (100) is the first letter of the Latin word centum (one hundred)
and M - (1000) - the first letter of the word mille (thousand).
As for the sign D (500), it was half of the sign Ф (1000)
The V sign (5) is the upper half of the X sign (10)
Intermediate numbers were formed by adding several letters to the right or left. Thousands and hundreds are written first, then tens and ones. So the number 24 is written as XXIV
Natural numbers are written by repeating these numbers.
At the same time, if big number stands in front of the smaller one, then they add up (the principle of addition), but if the smaller one is in front of the larger one, then the smaller one is subtracted from the larger one (the principle of subtraction).
In other words, if a sign denoting a smaller number is to the right of a sign denoting a larger number, then the smaller is added to the larger; if on the left, then subtract: VI - 6, i.e. 5+1 IV - 4, i.e. 5-1 LX - 60, i.e. 50+10 XL - 40, i.e. 50-10 CX - 110, i.e. 100+10 XC - 90, i.e. 100-10 MDCCCXII - 1812, i.e. 1000+500+100+100+100+10+1+1
The last rule applies only to avoid repeating the same number four times. To avoid repetition 4 times, the number 3999 is written as MMMIM.
Different designations for the same number are possible. Thus, the number 80 can be represented as LXXX (50+10+10+10) and as XXC(100-20).
For example, I, X, C are placed respectively before X, C, M to indicate 9, 90, 900 or before V, L, D to indicate 4, 40, 400.
For example, VI = 5+1 = 6, IV = 5 - 1 = 4 (instead of IIII).
XIX = 10 + 10 - 1 = 19 (instead of XVIIII),
XL = 50 - 10 =40 (instead of XXXX),
XXXIII = 10 + 10 + 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 33, etc.
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Roman numerals |
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Note:
Basic Roman numerals: I (1) - unus (unus) II (2) - duo (duo) III (3) - tres (tres) IV (4) - quattuor (quattuor) V (5) - quinque (quinque) VI (6) - sex (sex) VII (7) - septem (septem) VIII (8) - octo (octo) IX (9) - novem (novem) X (10) - decem (decem), etc. XX (20) - viginti (viginti) XXI (21) - unus et viginti or viginti unus XXII (22) - duo et viginti or viginti duo, etc. XXVIII (28) - duodetriginta XXIX (29) - undetriginta XXX (30) - triginta XL (40) - quadraginta L (50) - quinquaginta LX (60) - sexaginta LXX (70) - septuaginta LXXX (80) - octoginta XC (90) - nonaginta C (100) - centum CC (200) - ducenti CCC (300) - trecenti (trecenti) CD (400) - quadrigenti (quadrigenti) D (500) - quingenti (quingenti) DC (600) - sexcenti (sexcenti) DCC (700) - septigenti (septigenti) DCCC(800) - octingenti (octigenti) CM (DCCCC) (900) - nongenti (nongenti) M (1000) - mille (mille) MM (2000) - duo milia (duo milia) V (5000) - quinque milia (quinque milia) X (10000) - decem milia (decem milia) XX (20000) - viginti milia (viginti milia) C (1000000) - centum milia (centum milia) XI (1000000) - decies centena milia (decies centena milia)"
In the process of life, from time to time we encounter Roman numerals from 1 to 1000, once popular in the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages. They are used to indicate the number of centuries or millennia, blood type on military uniforms, the number of volumes in books, valency in a group of chemical elements, and much more. Having been popular at the beginning of our era, they gradually lost the palm, and are now used sporadically, under the influence of tradition or ceremony. What are the Roman numerals from 1 to 1000, what is their peculiarity, and why did they give way to their eastern, Arab-Indian competitors? Let's figure it out.
Roman numerals (they are often mistakenly called “Latin”) are the development and heritage of Roman civilization. The ancient Romans created them to make counting easier and more convenient to count various goods and services.
Roman numerals were widely used during the existence of a unified Roman state, as well as after its split into the Western and Eastern Roman Empire. Even after the fall of Constantinople, they continued to be used in various barbarian kingdoms until the end of the Middle Ages, until they gradually lost out to the Arab-Indian figures that dominate to this day.
Roman numerals are represented by seven different letters - I, V, X, L, C, D and M, each of which represents a number.
You can remember Roman numerals from 1 to 1000 using the following phrase (in descending order):
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These seven letters are used to represent many different numbers, usually using summation. For example, the Roman numeral 2 is written as “II” (just two ones added together). The number 12 is like XII, that is, X+II. Well, number 27 is written as XXVII, that is, as a combination of XX + V + II.
Roman numerals were easily displayed with fingers
As you can see, Roman numerals are written starting from the largest digit and ending with the smallest, from left to right. However, that's not all. The Romans really did not like 4 numbers of the same type in a row, so they developed a special subtraction system.
In Roman numerals the number 3 is written as "III". However, the digit for the number 4 will not be “IIII”, since there are four symbols of the same type here, and the principle of subtraction must be used. In Roman numerals, the number 4 will be written as “IV”, that is, numbers 1 and 5. Since the smaller digit (1) comes before the larger one (5), we subtract the smaller digit from the larger digit and get 4. The same principle is used for the number "9", which in the Roman system is written as "IX" (1 and 10)
Here are six more similar examples that allow you to use Roman numerals from 1 to 1000:
Issue 1994 is a great example for of this rule. In Roman numerals it looks like MCMXCIV, that is, M = 1000, CM = 900, XC = 90 and IV = 4.
To write the year in Roman numerals from 1 to 1000, we need large numbers. For example, we start the 2020 entry with MM (2000), add XX (20) and get MMXX.
Years from the 20th century are just as easy to obtain. We start with the number 1900 (MSM), to which we add the required number of years. For example, 1985 would look like MSM (1900) LXXX (80) + V (5) = MCMLXXXV.
Since the digit M (1000) is the largest in the Roman numeral system, and we can only use three identical symbols when creating a number, the maximum number represented in the Roman numeral system is 3999 (MMMCMXCIX). However, we can write large numbers, we just need to draw a top line over the numbers to multiply them by 1000.
For example, the Roman notation for the number 5000 (5*1000) is written as
1 million (1000*1000) is written as
Accordingly, 1,550,000 is written as
As you can see, everything is quite simple.
Below I have inserted a table of Arabic (Russian) numerals ranging from 1 to 1000 and the corresponding Roman numerals.
Arabic numerals | Roman numerals |
|---|---|
The specification of Roman numerals involves the use of only seven letters, denoting round numbers from 1 to 1000. Despite their former widespread use, the principles of addition and subtraction of such numbers carry a number of inconveniences for the counter, as a result of which the Roman numeral system lost competition to the more advanced Arabic model. Nevertheless, we can find Roman numerals in sports, military, scientific and other fields, therefore it is important to know the features of their display and application.
To denote numbers in the Latin language, combinations of the following seven characters are accepted: I (1), V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), D (500), M (1000).
To remember the letter designations of numbers in descending order, a mnemonic rule was invented:
We Give Juicy Lemons, Vsem Ix (respectively M, D, C, L, X, V, I) is enough.
If the sign denoting a smaller number is to the right of the sign denoting a larger number, then the smaller number should be added to the larger one, if on the left, then subtract, namely:
VI - 6, i.e. 5+1
IV - 4, i.e. 5 - 1
XI - 11, i.e. 10 + 1
IX - 9, i.e. 10 - 1
LX - 60, i.e. 50 + 10
XL - 40, i.e. 50 - 10
CX - 110, i.e. 100 + 10
XC - 90, i.e. 100-10
MDCCCXII - 1812, i.e. 1000 + 500 + 100 + 100 + 100 + 10 + 1 + 1.
Different designations for the same number are possible. For example, the number 80 can be written as LXXX (50 + 10 + 10 + 10) and as XXX (100 - 20).
To write numbers in Roman numerals, you must first write the number of thousands, then hundreds, then tens, and finally units.
I (1) - unus (unus)
II (2) - duo (duo)
III (3) - tres (tres)
IV (4) - quattuor (quattuor)
V (5) - quinque
VI (6) - sex (sex)
VII (7) - septera (septem)
VIII (8) - octo (octo)
IX (9) - novem (novem)
X (10) - decern (decem)
XI (11) - undecim (undecim)
XII (12) - duodecim (duodecim)
ХШ (13) - tredecim (tradecim)
XIV (14) - quattuordecim (quattuordecim)
XV (15) - quindecim (quindecim)
XVI (16) - sedecim (sedecim)
XVII (17) - septendecim (septendecim)
XVIII (18) - duodeviginti (duodeviginti)
XIX (19) - undeviginti (undeviginti)
XX (20) - viginti (viginti)
XXI (21) - unus et viginti or viginti unus
XXII (22) - duo et viginti or viginti duo, etc.
XXVIII (28) - duodetriginta (duodetriginta)
XXIX (29) - undetriginta (undetriginta)
XXX (30) : triginta (triginta)
XL (40) - quadraginta (quadraginta)
L (5O) - quinquaginta (quinquaginta)
LX (60) - sexaginta (sexaginta)
LXX (70) - septuaginta (szltuaginta)
LXXX180) - octoginta (octoginta)
KS (90) - nonaginta (nonaginta)
C (100) centum (centum)
CC (200) - ducenti (ducenti)
CCC (300) - trecenti (trecenti)
CD (400) - quadrigenti (quadrigenti)
D (500) - quingenti (quingenti)
DC (600) - sescenti (sescenti) or sexonti (sextonti)
DCC (700) - septigenti (septigenti)
DCCC (800) - octingenti (octingenti)
CV (DCCC) (900) - nongenti (nongenti)
M (1000) - mille (mille)
MM (2000) - duo milia (duo milia)
V (5000) - quinque milla (quinque milia)
X (10,000) - decem milia (decem milia)
XX (20000) - viginti milia (viginti milia)
C (100000) - centum milia (centum milia)
XI (1,000,000) - decies centena milia (decies centena milia).
If suddenly an inquisitive person asks why the Latin letters V, L, C, D, M were chosen to denote the numbers 50, 100, 500 and 1000, then we will immediately say that these are not Latin letters at all, but completely different signs.
The fact is that the basis for the Latin alphabet was the Western Greek alphabet. It is to him that the three signs L, C and M go back. Here they denoted aspirated sounds, which were not in the Latin language. When the Latin alphabet was drawn up, they turned out to be superfluous. They were adapted to represent numbers in the Latin alphabet. Later they coincided in spelling with Latin letters. Thus, the sign C (100) became similar to the first letter of the Latin word centum (one hundred), and M (1000) - to the first letter of the word mille (thousand). As for the sign D (500), it was half of the sign F (1000), and then it began to look like a Latin letter. The sign V (5) was just the upper half of the sign X (10).
Roman numerals- numbers used by the ancient Romans in their non-positional number system.
Natural numbers are written by repeating these numbers. Moreover, if a larger number is in front of a smaller one, then they are added (the principle of addition), but if a smaller number is in front of a larger one, then the smaller one is subtracted from the larger one (the principle of subtraction). The last rule applies only to avoid repeating the same number four times.
Roman numerals appeared around 500 BC among the Etruscans.
NumbersTo fix in memory the letter designations of numbers in descending order, there is a mnemonic rule:
M s D arim WITH face-to-face L imons, X vatit V seven I X.
Respectively M, D, C, L, X, V, I
To correctly write large numbers in Roman numerals, you must first write the number of thousands, then hundreds, then tens, and finally units.
There is a "shortcut" for writing large numbers such as 1999. It is not recommended, but is sometimes used to simplify things. The difference is that to reduce a digit, any digit can be written to the left of it:
It was only in the 19th century that the number “four” was written down as “IV”; before that, the number “IIII” was most often used. However, the entry “IV” can already be found in the documents of the Forme of Cury manuscript dating back to 1390. Watch dials have traditionally used "IIII" instead of "IV" in most cases, mainly for aesthetic reasons: this spelling provides visual symmetry with the "VIII" numerals on the opposite side, and an inverted "IV" is more difficult to read than "IIII".
In Russian, Roman numerals are used in the following cases:
In other languages, the scope of application of Roman numerals may have specific features, for example, in Western countries The year number is sometimes written in Roman numerals.
The Unicode standard defines characters to represent Roman numerals as part of Number forms(English) Number Forms), in the area of characters with codes U+2160 to U+2188. For example, MCMLXXXVIII can be represented in the form ⅯⅭⅯⅬⅩⅩⅩⅧ . This range includes both lowercase and uppercase numerals from 1 (Ⅰ or I) to 12 (Ⅻ or XII), including combination glyphs for composite numbers such as 8 (Ⅷ or VIII), primarily for compatibility with East Asian character sets in industry standards such as JIS X 0213, where these characters are defined. Combination glyphs are used to represent numbers that were previously composed of individual characters (for example, Ⅻ instead of its representation as Ⅹ and Ⅱ). In addition to this, glyphs exist for the archaic forms of 1000, 5000, 10,000, major reverse C (Ɔ), the late form of 6 (ↅ, similar to the Greek stigma: Ϛ), the early form of 50 (ↆ, similar to to the downward-pointing arrow ↓⫝⊥ ), 50,000, and 100,000. It should be noted that the backsmall small c, ↄ is not included in Roman numeral characters, but is included in the Unicode standard as the Claudian capital Ↄ.
| Code | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meaning | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 50 | 100 | 500 | 1 000 |
| U+2160 | Ⅰ
2160 | Ⅱ
2161 | Ⅲ
2162 | Ⅳ
2163 | Ⅴ
2164 | Ⅵ
2165 | Ⅶ
2166 | Ⅷ
2167 | Ⅸ
2168 | Ⅹ
2169 | Ⅺ
216A | Ⅻ
216B | Ⅼ
216C | Ⅽ
216D | Ⅾ
216E | Ⅿ
216F |
| U+2170 | ⅰ
2170 | ⅱ
2171 | ⅲ
2172 | ⅳ
2173 | ⅴ
2174 | ⅵ
2175 | ⅶ
2176 | ⅷ
2177 | ⅸ
2178 | ⅹ
2179 | ⅺ
217A | ⅻ
217B | ⅼ
217C | ⅽ
217D | ⅾ
217E | ⅿ
217F |
| Meaning | 1 000 | 5 000 | 10 000 | - | - | 6 | 50 | 50 000 | 100 000 | |||||||
| U+2160! U+2180 | ↀ
2180 | ↁ
2181 | ↂ
2182 | Ↄ | ↄ | ↄ | ↄ | ↄ | ↄ | |||||||
Characters in the range U+2160-217F are present only for compatibility with other standards that define these characters. In everyday life, ordinary letters of the Latin alphabet are used. Displaying such symbols requires software, which supports the Unicode standard, and a font containing the glyphs corresponding to these characters.
