Rice. Drilling and cutting machine MP6-1515-002
Designed for simultaneous cutting and drilling of volume-hardened railway rails.
Specialized lathes. The most widely used specialized lathes are: 1. Multi-cutting machines
2. Roll lathes 3. For processing crankshafts 4. Ingot strippers.
5. Wheel lathes and oseto lathes for railway transport. 6. Pipe and coupling processing 7. Centerless roughing 8. Thread processing
9. Turning and backing
Roll lathes (Fig. 8) are designed for processing rolling shafts with a diameter of up to 2 m and a length of up to 8 m. They are made very rigid, because are used for processing both smooth and grooved raw and hardened shafts, not only by longitudinal or curved feed along the perimeter of the grooves, but also by transverse cutting of a very wide (up to 250 mm) shaped high-speed cutter.
Ingot stripping machines RT-340, RT-340N1, RT-340N, RT-341 and RT-341N for stripping small four-sided or multi-faceted ingots before they go into rolling. They have a reciprocating movement of the cutter and its rolling around the cutting point to maintain normal cutting angles.
Rice. 8 Roll lathe 1A825.
Machines for turning crankshafts (Fig. 9) come in several types: a) for processing the middle journals and their cheeks, driven by both outer journals; b) for processing in the centers of both outer journals, with drive from the middle processed journal through detachable gear; c) for processing connecting rod journals and their cheeks, with a drive from both outer journals, displaced from the axis of rotation by the amount of their eccentricity; d) for simultaneous processing of all connecting rod journals and their cheeks. In this case, the crankshaft rotates around the axis of the main journals, and the calipers rotate synchronously with it, but around an axis shifted by the amount of eccentricity of the connecting rod journals. The incisors remain horizontal.
Pipe and coupling processing machines – process the ends of pipes and couplings and cut connecting conical threads onto them.
Fig.10 Pipe lathe C10MS.10 / C10MS.12
Centerless stripping lathes are designed for processing long shafts and stripping rods for their subsequent processing on turret machines and automatic lathes. The processing of a non-rotating shaft is carried out by two rotating cutting heads - roughing and finishing. The rod is fed by rollers. The ends of the shaft being processed are supported by trolleys.
Turning and backing machines, Fig. 11
Lathe- a machine for processing by cutting (turning) workpieces made of metals and other materials in the form of bodies of rotation. On lathes, turning and boring of cylindrical, conical and shaped surfaces, thread cutting, trimming and machining of ends, drilling, countersinking and reaming of holes, etc. are performed. The workpiece receives rotation from the spindle, the cutter - the cutting tool - moves along with the slide of the support from lead shaft or lead screw receiving rotation from the feed mechanism. A significant share of the machine park consists of lathes. It includes, according to the ENIMS classification, nine types of machine tools, differing in purpose, design layout, degree of automation and other characteristics. 
Single spindle machines
This type of machine belongs to the so-called automatic machines - An automatic machine is a machine in which all the main and auxiliary movements necessary to perform are automated. technological cycle processing of workpieces, including loading and issuing of processed parts. Maintenance of the machine is reduced to periodic adjustment, supply of material to the machine and control of the workpieces. This type of machine uses only one spindle - the main shaft of metal-cutting machines, designed to directly transmit rotation to the workpiece. Together with the supports, it forms the spindle unit - the most critical unit of the machine. The precision of the product largely depends on its accuracy, rigidity and wear resistance.
An example of this type is 1B10V. Single-spindle longitudinal turning machine
description:
The machine is designed for processing by longitudinal turning of parts such as bodies of revolution from calibrated cold-drawn rods in serial, large-scale, mass production 
Multi-spindle machines
Sufficient drive power and structural rigidity ensure high performance. Some models can simultaneously perform more than one operation, which seriously increases the productivity of such machines.
For example Multi-spindle machine MX 90
Model MX 90 is a drilling and slotting machine. MX 90 is designed for the simultaneous production of grooves and holes in the production of armchairs, chairs, beds and other pieces of furniture. 
Turret machines
A metal-cutting lathe of a turning group, equipped with a multi-position rotating turret head carrying tools for processing external and internal surfaces by turning, boring, drilling, countersinking, reaming, rolling, etc.
On R. s. parts of complex shapes are obtained from rods and piece blanks. Rod R. s. have a mechanism for feeding and clamping the bar. The machines on which piece workpieces are processed are called cartridge machines; they are equipped with a chuck with manual or power clamping. There are R. s. with vertical, horizontal and inclined arrangement of the turret head; manual, mechanized and automated. In manual R. s. the rod is fed manually, the turret is rotated automatically when the caliper is retracted to starting position. Mechanized R. s. usually have power clamping, bar feeding and slide movement. Automated R.s. equipped with devices for automatically switching spindle speeds and feeding calipers when turning the turret. In R. s. with cyclic program control, automation of the cycle, as well as the movements of the working parts, is carried out by electromagnetic couplings, electric motors, hydraulic cylinders, etc. The processing program is set by the appropriate installation of plugs, the movement of working parts - by adjustable stops acting on the limit switches.
Turret machines
An example of a turret machine -
Description
Turret lathe TRZ15 The TRZ15 machine is designed to meet European requirements for precision metal-cutting equipment. Characterized by a high degree of accuracy and productivity. They are designed on a 60o inclined bed to ensure rigid machining of parts with stable cutting conditions. The machine is equipped with heavy, stable linear guides manufactured by NSK. Fast traverse up to 24m/min, repeat high-precision positioning up to 0.004mm, positioning accuracy up to 0.006mm (depending on model). Maximum speed spindle 5000 rpm. Dynamic balancing is less than 10 g/mm. 
Drilling and cutting machines
The drilling and cutting machine is designed for automatic high-performance cutting and drilling of metal beams (I-beams, channels, etc.) to create high-quality metal frames for prefabricated buildings, as an example.
The drilling and cutting complex consists of a band saw machine and an automatic drilling unit, combined into one automated line with a system for feeding the workpiece and unloading the product along automatic roller conveyors.
An example is the semi-automatic drilling and cutting machine MP6-1515-002
The machine model MP6-1515-002 is produced with a modernized saw blade headstock. 
Carousel machines
On K. s. They carry out turning and boring of cylindrical, conical and shaped surfaces, trimming end surfaces, and on machines with a turret head, in addition, drilling, countersinking and reaming. If there are special devices on the K. s. You can also cut threads, chisel, mill and grind. On K. s. Multi-tool processing can be carried out using the simultaneous movements of several tools mounted on different supports, which can significantly increase productivity. 
Multi-tool machines
Multi-cutting machines (mod. 1A730 and 1A720) are similar in layout to conventional lathes, but differ in the presence of two supports: front or longitudinal and rear or transverse. They are designed for turning work when installing the workpiece in the centers; or cartridge. They process cylindrical and end surfaces with several cutters in each support. They are rationally used in mass and large-scale production for processing multi-stage shafts, pistons, pulleys, blocks gear wheels and other details. The spindle speed and caliper feeds are adjusted using special wheels. The rigid design of the machine allows multi-cutting processing with tools with carbide blades.
An example would be Semi-automatic turning multi-cutter 1A730 Model: 1A730 OKP: 381115 Year of production: 1960 Accuracy class: N Largest diameter of the workpiece processed above the bed, mm410 Largest diameter of the workpiece processed above the support, mm320 Maximum length of the workpiece, mm500 Min spindle speed rpm: 56 Max spindle speed , rpm:710 Power, kW:13 Dimensions (L_W_H), mm:2625_1825_1360 Weight of the machine with external equipment, kg:3740
Description: Designed for rough and finishing turning of parts such as shafts with straight and curved generatrices in serial, large-scale, mass production 
Specialized machines
This type of machine is used to perform special operations, hence the name of the type of machine. An example can be MULTI-SPINDLE DRILLING AND GROOTHING MACHINE
Maud. "MX 6414".
PURPOSE:
The machine is designed to produce blind holes and grooves in solid wood blanks for the purpose of installing and fastening elements of furniture fittings.
OPERATING PRINCIPLE:
The workpiece (or a batch of workpieces) is installed on the machine table and fixed with hydraulic clamps. The table has the ability to move longitudinally (relative to the drilling spindles) to obtain holes in the parts, and to obtain grooves, the drilling spindles are transferred to transverse movement relative to the workpiece. 
Specialized machines
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES: + The machine bed is massive cast, completely eliminating the slightest vibration during processing; + The movable table moves along three guides of increased cross-section. This makes it possible to move the table without distortions under difficult processing conditions, when a large batch of workpieces is processed at high feed speeds; + The work table is raised using two synchronized gearboxes. The ball-screw transmission of the lifting mechanism ensures precise adjustment and high service life of the units. In addition to the electromechanical system, the machine has a function for manual table adjustment; + The hydraulic drive ensures a uniform (without jerking) and stable feed, which in turn has a positive effect on the quality of processing of parts and the durability of the wood-cutting tool (the time between resharpening increases). 
Metal-cutting machines produced by domestic manufacturers are divided into several categories, which are characterized by the corresponding classification. You can determine which category this or that equipment belongs to by its labeling, which says a lot to those who understand it. However, no matter what category the metal-cutting device belongs to, the essence of processing on it comes down to the fact that the cutting tool and the part perform form-building movements, and it is they that determine the configuration and dimensions of the finished product.
The most common types of metal-cutting machines: 1-6 - lathes, 7-10 - drilling, 11-14 - milling, 15-17 - planing, 18-19 - broaching, 20-24 - grinding.
Depending on their purpose, metal-cutting machines are divided into nine main groups. These include the following devices:
Groups and types of metal-cutting machines (click to enlarge)
In addition, metal cutting machines can be one of the following types:
Vertical- milling machine- one of the representatives of an extensive milling group
Classification of metal-cutting machines is also carried out according to the following parameters:
The classification of equipment intended for processing metal workpieces assumes that, having seen its markings, any specialist will immediately be able to tell which metal-cutting machine is in front of him. This marking contains alphabetic and numerical symbols that indicate individual characteristics of the device.
The first number is the group to which the metal-cutting machine belongs, the second is the type of device, its type, the third (and in some cases the fourth) is the main standard size of the unit.
After the numbers listed in the model marking, there may be letters that determine whether the model of the metal-cutting machine has special characteristics. These characteristics of the device may include its level of accuracy or indication of modification. Often in the designation of a machine, the letter can be found after the first digit: this indicates that this is a modernized model, in the standard design of which some changes have been made.
As an example, you can decipher the markings of the 6M13P machine. The numbers in this designation indicate that we have a milling machine (“6”) of the first type (“1”), which belongs to the 3rd standard size (“3”) and allows processing with increased accuracy(letter "P"). The letter “M” present in the marking of this device indicates that it has been modernized.
Types of lathes, as well as devices for any other purpose that are used in mass and large-scale production, are called aggregate. They received this name due to the fact that they are assembled from the same type of units (units): beds, working heads, tables, spindle units and other mechanisms. Completely different principles are used when creating machines that are necessary for small-scale and single-piece production. The design of such devices, which are highly versatile, can be completely unique.
Classification of lathes (as well as equipment of any other categories) according to the level of automation implies their division into the following types:
The most prominent representatives of metal-cutting machines are CNC devices, the operation of which is controlled by a special computer program. Such a program, which is entered into the memory of the machine by its operator, determines almost all the operating parameters of the unit: spindle speed, processing speed, etc.
All types of metalworking machines equipped with a CNC system contain the following standard elements in their design.
The operating principle of metalworking machines equipped with a CNC system is simple. A program is first written that takes into account all the requirements for processing a specific workpiece, then the operator enters it into the machine controller using a special programmer. The commands embedded in such a program are sent to the working elements of the equipment, and after they are executed, the machine automatically turns off.
The use of metal-cutting machines equipped with numerical control allows processing with high precision and productivity, which is the reason for their active use for equipment industrial enterprises producing products in large series. Due to their high level of automation, such units are perfectly integrated into large automated lines.
A. Duty cycle Drilling and cutting machine SABI ST3 600
B. MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LINE:
| Specifications | ST 3 / 600 | ST 3 / 1000 | ST 3 / 1200 |
| Width of workpiece processed (max-min), mm | 600-80 | 1000-80 | 1200-80 |
| Height of workpiece processed (max-min), mm | 326-10 | 425-5 | 425-5 |
| Hole diameter, (max-min), mm | 32-8 | 40-8 | 40-8 |
| Thread | M8-M16 | M8-M18 | M8-M18 |
| Vertical clamp, mm | 4-340 mm | 4-450 | 4-450 |
| Cooling | air + liquid | air + liquid | air + liquid |
| Angular speed, (rpm) | min = 200 max =1200 | min = 200 max =1200 | min = 200 max =1200 |
| Tool change system | LAIP, manual accelerated system | LAIP, manual accelerated system | |
| 2 horizontal heads | 5.5 kW | 7.5 kW | 7.5 kW |
| 1 vertical head | 5.5 kW | 7.5 kW | 7.5 kW |
| Rapid feed | 10m/min. | 10m/min | 10m/min |
| Working feed | 20 - 180 mm/min. | 20 - 180 mm/min | 20 - 180 mm/min |
| Working area height, mm | 880 | 880 | 880 |
| Machine dimensions, L x W x H (mm) | 3100 x 1100 x 2600 | 4400 x 1700 x 2800 | 4400 x 1700 x 2800 |
| Weight of drilling center, (kg) | 4 200 | 5900 | 5 900 |
I'll tell you a little about the engine used. It's called the 180th, and is most often used in the manufacture of quadcopters, airplanes, and so on. Main feature This engine has monstrous speeds; with a 12V power source, the engine can accelerate to 30,000 rpm. Thanks to such a high speed, our miniature circular saw with a not very high-quality blade cuts the material without any problems. For a drill, such speeds are also good. Similar engines can be found in many types of equipment, and you can also order an engine from China, it will cost no more than 100 rubles. So, let's look in more detail at how to make such a machine.
Materials and tools used
List of materials:
- ;
- balsa or plywood boards;
- connector for connecting the power supply;
- switch;
- wires;
- sheet steel (for cutting disc);
- ;
- power supply 12-24V DC.
Machine manufacturing process:
Step one. Blanks for making the body
The body of the machine is made very simply; in fact, it is a box with an installed partition to which the motor is attached. Balsa boards are a good choice as a material; this material is lightweight, and most importantly, the wood is soft and very easy to cut. As a last resort, you can use plywood.
Glue the side wall to the base, and to it the partition to which the engine is attached. We pre-drill a hole in the partition so that the motor shaft fits in. The author used hot glue as glue; it is quick, simple and reliable. Apply glue to the joining surfaces and press the parts tightly. To strengthen it, you can then apply glue over the joint.
Using a compass, draw a circle of the desired diameter. Drill a hole in the center of the disk. Its diameter must be such that the disc can be mounted on the drill chuck. Well, then we take scissors and cut out the disk.
Now we form the teeth, first make cuts in a circle at an equal distance from each other, in the end you should get something like an impeller. Next, we cut the segments so that we get teeth. That's all, now with the help of pliers we bend the teeth in different directions to create a “spread”. If it is present, the saw blade will not jam when cutting.
We solder the wires to the motor and try to turn it on. If everything works, great, move on.
While a separate cutting disc is used as an attachment, we start the machine and test it in practice. When starting, check to see if the disk is spinning in the right direction. In the video, the author's machine cuts balsa boards perfectly.
