Effective production (and indeed an enterprise) satisfies four simple requirements:
Here I will focus on two of the four requirements:
Both of these questions are brilliantly answered by Goldratt’s Theory of Constraints, to the study and implementation of whose algorithms I have devoted the last few years. This is a kind of enterprise management system. Primarily a manufacturing enterprise. The effectiveness of which is noted even by such a “guru” production management, like Toyota.
It is impossible to put this entire system into one post, but I will tell you about the principles. And if someone considers it necessary to study it more deeply, he will read the books of both Goldratt himself (“that very goal”) and the same Schragenheim (“production at incredible speed”). I am sure that reading these books will give you an answer to the seemingly rhetorical question “How to make production efficient.”
Why does it happen that the “pure” production time of a product and the actual product release time differ by tens or even hundreds of times? Obviously, because there is a loss of time. They come in three types:
Imagine some kind of production site. For example, a painting area. There are always some pieces coming to the site that need to be painted. The key question that needs an answer is: “what to paint now, and what later” ?
If you don’t understand this, then the workpiece that needs to be painted right now will, as luck would have it, lie at the very bottom and they will remember about it only when the customer is hysterical because his product has already been overdue for a week.
And it will be exactly the same at every site.
This is waiting for a resource. The workpiece lies waiting for the resource until it becomes available. But...he is constantly busy with something else.
A system that clearly defines the sequence of tasks must be present in literally every production area. It must unambiguously determine which task must be performed first, which second, etc.
The order of tasks is determined by the complexity of completing the task and the date of release of the final product from production. As the release date approaches, the importance of the task increases and it moves up in priority.
Here you have a product. It consists of three nodes (which also consist of something): U1, U2, U3. I won’t draw, I’m not much of an artist. Moreover, in the video I depicted it on the board. The product must have been manufactured on February 10, 2013. It takes an hour to complete its final assembly. This means that 08-09.02.2013. (the exact date is determined by a combination of labor intensity and production factors) all three units must be in the final assembly area.
The presence of a U3 unit at the final assembly site a month before is a completely undesirable phenomenon. This is even worse than being late. Because, firstly, this will not in any way affect the delivery date of the finished product (there are no other two units), and secondly, this means that:
The brilliant Theory of Constraints not only tells you what you SHOULD do at any given moment, but also what NOT to do.
The production of unit U3 must be linked to its delivery date. That is, from 02/08/2013. Depending on the labor intensity of this unit, a date is set before which this unit cannot be produced. And starting from this date, the node changes color as date X approaches. First it is green, then yellow, then red. If 02/08/2012 has already arrived and it is not done yet, then it will be black.
At each site, all tasks must be completed in reverse order. First black, then red, then yellow, then green. White tasks are not worth completing at all.
Waiting for components is an even more unpleasant situation that can completely disrupt all deadlines.
Let's take our notorious knots. Morning 02/08/2013 The assembler is on site. U1 and U2 too. U3 does not. Nobody knows where he got stuck. The trial begins. It turns out that he is somewhere in the initial stages... For the reason described above. So the production foreman will run around plugging such holes.
But waiting for nodes is not so scary. Waiting for purchased components is much worse. Because, as a rule, procurement takes much longer than production itself.
I will not delve into procurement management, because on this occasion. The main thing in procurement is to strictly adhere to the principles of priorities laid down in the Theory of Constraints. Always buy WHAT you need and WHEN you need it. Thus saving precious working capital.
I mentioned losses in logistics in the video, and I regularly describe such things on LiveJournal. The brilliant Henry Ford, for example, came up with a conveyor belt to avoid these losses. A hundred years ago. To avoid losses in logistics, it is necessary to minimize the loss of time when transferring products from site to site.
There is one more nuance. The production management system must be simple and sustainable. Resistant to external changes, first of all. I once wrote about such changes. The simplicity (external, of course) of the Theory of Constraints lies in the fact that you must always complete the top task, that is, the highest priority. If you can't do the top one, do the second one from the top. All.
Production efficiency is the main condition of its activity and the purpose of its organization. It is provided only through effective management. The efficiency of management, as well as production itself, must ensure quality standards; this is the most important criterion by which one can judge not only the current state of affairs in a given production, but also the prospects for its development, the viability and competitiveness of the enterprise.
Include in the enterprise management process senior management manuals. It is in his hands that the ability to develop quality standards for a given enterprise and the levers that will motivate employees to strictly implement them are in his hands. These may also be measures of a repressive nature, but they should be used only along with incentive measures.
Personnel and employees must also be included in the management process production and take part in production meetings on issues of improving the quality of products or services provided.
Consumers should also participate in the management of truly efficient production. Ultimately, they are the ones who determine the need for a given product and evaluate its quality. Establish customer feedback and you will always be one step ahead of your competitors.
Ensure quality control of the services, goods or products provided at each production stage. Train mid-level specialists and managers, create an internal audit system.
Analyze factors that may affect the quality of your products. They can be uncontrollable and those that can be controlled. The latter include the normal functioning of equipment, the quality of raw materials, and the qualifications of personnel. Your task is to ensure a decent level of these factors and minimize the influence of uncontrollable ones.
In an attempt to figure out how to make baking production more efficient, owners and top managers of bakery and confectionery enterprises seek advice, experiment with business processes, and attend seminars. In fact, the answer lies on the surface. High-quality baking peripherals solve several production problems at once. The main thing is to be able to choose correctly.
Not a single bread production can operate without bakery peripherals. These are auxiliary equipment: baking trays, baking and proofing dishes, ovens, transport carts and carts for blast freezing, oven planters and much more. Although these things are called secondary in production, any baker will tell you how important they are.
Firstly, baking sheets and molds are constantly in contact with baked goods. This means that the quality of the final product directly depends on the quality of this equipment. Secondly, production employees use baking peripherals every minute, and in order not to wear out quickly, they must be reliable. Finally, thirdly, the functionality and quality of the auxiliary equipment determines whether the baking process will be convenient, fast and, most importantly, economical. Therefore, well-chosen peripherals for bakeries are half the success of production.
And the main point in choosing it is a reliable supplier. In Russia, equipment from Russian Trapeza is suitable for this role. The company's line includes all auxiliary tools for bakeries.
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Smooth and perforated baking sheets can be with or without non-stick coating. The material used to make the baking sheet plays a key role.
“Standard baking sheets made of simple carbon steel are very common on the Russian market,” says Denis Skidanov, RT specialist on peripheral equipment. “But they have a number of significant disadvantages: fragility, heavy weight, low thermal conductivity, deformation.”
“Russian Trapeza” makes baking trays from high-quality aluminum alloys Almg3 and AlFe (aluminized steel). These alloys retain all the properties of food-grade aluminum (thermal conductivity, weight), and at the same time they are more resistant to temperature and mechanical stress, and are also less susceptible to oxidation and the formation of microcracks.
“As a result, the service life of the baking trays increases significantly, because it is not for nothing that these materials are used in aircraft and shipbuilding,” notes Denis. “In addition, baking trays made of aluminum alloys have much better thermal conductivity, which means that energy and time costs for baking are reduced.”
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For baking sheets used in the production of hot dogs, hamburgers, and in automatic production lines, aluminized steel is best suited. It is much stronger, so it is used where the periphery is subject to high loads.
Another important advantage of baking trays made of aluminum alloys is their lightness. Most often, women work in baking, and it is simply difficult for them to rearrange massive carbon steel baking sheets. Adding to this problem is the increased risk of injury to such periphery.
“My mother used to work at a bakery and constantly walked around with bandaged fingers,” Denis continues. “We have also provided for this point: our baking sheets are light and without sharp corners.”
Separately, it is worth mentioning baguette baking sheets. Usually the manufacturer makes them with 3 mm perforation. “Russian Trapeza” performs micro-perforation of 1.8 mm. For ordinary person this difference is almost imperceptible, but for production every millimeter is significant.
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“When proofing on a baking tray with 3 mm perforations, the dough passes into the holes, which causes the product to burn. When the finished product is removed, it simply sticks to the surface and must literally be torn away from it. As a result, the baking tray becomes clogged and its thermal conductivity is significantly reduced,” says large-scale production technologist Sergei M. “The product loses its attractive appearance, and we lose money.” But with the equipment from “Russian Trapeza” the problem is solved: the dough does not leak, as a result, the products are baked evenly and “lag behind” well.
Let us add that baking sheets of standardized sizes are always available at the Russian Trapeza warehouse. At the same time, the company can manufacture equipment to order, taking into account all technical parameters required by a specific customer.
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Bread forms seem to be a simple product, however, there are many technical aspects and nuances, each of which must be taken into account and worked out with high quality. As with baking sheets, the material from which the periphery is made plays an extremely important role. The forms of “Russian Meal” are made from AlFe alloy (aluminized steel).
“The wall thickness of our molds is only 0.8 mm. Thanks to this, the molds quickly warm up and transfer heat to the product, in contrast to cast molds with a wall thickness of 5 mm, commonly used in Russian bakeries. You save both energy and time,” notes Denis Skidanov.
Row Russian companies have already appreciated the advantages of baking peripherals made of aluminized steel. According to Denis, one of the largest factories, having switched to Russian Meal forms, noticed that energy efficiency indicators improved by 24%. While this is unnoticeable for small bakeries, for large manufacturers the use of such forms is an effective means of saving significant money.
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Aluminized steel goes well with a non-stick coating, and this affects the service life of the product and the quality of the final product.
“In practice, Teflon non-stick coating performs well,” says Denis. - It is more expensive, but there is no need to use oil. And this saves time and labor, as well as hygiene at the enterprise.”
The fact is that during baking, the oil evaporates and settles on ovens and forms. The equipment becomes coated with a thick layer of sticky grease that is difficult to get rid of. The plant is forced to hire a cleaning company and spend money on cleaning. With Teflon coating these problems go away forever.
Proofing is a necessary step when baking bread and other flour products. At this stage, the dough “rests” for 30-40 minutes at a temperature of 25-40 degrees so that the product turns out airy, soft and tasty. For any bread production, it is important to choose convenient and high-quality proofing forms so that this process does not go down the drain.
“Russian Trapeza” offers proofing dishes made of natural materials (wicker, rattan) and plastic. Please note that proofing pans are not used for baking: the dough is placed in the pan, proofed, and then carefully transferred to a baking sheet or under the oven.
Each of the materials has its own advantages. For example, wicker or rattan allows the dough to “breathe”, the crust has an interesting spiral pattern, and the bread itself is fragrant and soft. But molds made of plastic are cheaper and last longer than those made of natural wood. At the same time, the product turns out to be of no less quality.
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“I like that the uniform from RT can be ordered in any size and any model. For example, I ordered one with the logo of my bakery in order to prepare our signature bread in it,” bakery owner Konstantin L. shares his experience.
According to Denis Skidanov, the client can indeed request a proofing form that he specifically needs. The production will promptly produce it according to the customer’s sketches.
Another type of peripheral equipment in bakery production is planters and carts. Factories are often faced with inconvenient and often broken carts. “Russian Trapeza” offers a solution - oven and transport carts made of high-quality stainless steel.
To ensure that the equipment lasts a long time, the wheels are made of wear-resistant and temperature-resistant material. “The most convenient thing is that we make the carts in prefabricated form,” explains Denis. “And their prices are low, because due to the prefabricated structure we optimize the costs of delivery to the client.”
It is worth noting that carts can be made of a special design, which will allow them to take up significantly less space in the enterprise, while fully maintaining their functionality.
"RT" manufactures planters and carts of standard shapes and sizes, as well as to individual orders.
“With the purchase of carts and planters for Russian Trapeza, productivity increased by 7%,” says Tatyana, bakery production technologist. - The speed has increased, the equipment does not break down in principle, while with equipment from previous partners this happened almost every week. We are very pleased."
For everyone serious food production Obviously, keeping equipment absolutely clean is one of the most important tasks, because the quality of the product directly depends on it. “Russian Trapeza” has prepared special solutions for its clients here too. The company has a range of cleaning machines for baking peripherals, which will allow production to stop thinking about cleaning equipment as torture.
“Before offering solutions for cleaning machines, we carefully clarify at enterprises such issues as: the design of baking trays and molds, their sizes, material, degree and types of contamination, how and where they are stored, and in what quantity they are used in the enterprise, etc. .,” explains Denis. “Only based on this information and taking into account all the features of production, we present a solution for a specific enterprise.”
“The cleanliness of the bakery periphery should come first,” says baker Anton Krapivin. - I will not work on equipment that is covered with a thick layer of grease. It’s good that there are solutions like RT’s. The guys and I now bring cleanliness and order to the production site much faster.”
To summarize, let’s say that “Russkaya Trapeza” in our conditions can be called an ideal supplier of baking peripherals:
Doesn't matter, small bakery Whether it is a large automated enterprise, there is a solution for everyone.
The company has been working in the food production equipment market for many years. 20 thousand enterprises in Russia, far and near abroad have trusted “Russian Trapeza”. And it is this vast experience that allows RT to offer clients a variety of comprehensive solutions on the baking periphery.
Natalya Vershinina, especially for the site
RUSSIAN TREAT LLC
199178, St. Petersburg, Maly Prospekt V.O., building 57, bldg. 3
Email: [email protected]
https://r-t.ru
Entrepreneurs for the most part realize that organizing production is a responsible step that requires serious preparation. To achieve the necessary profitability indicators, you need to carefully plan the enterprise’s activities at every stage - from searching for suppliers of raw materials to sales finished products. But it is impossible to foresee all possible scenarios for the development of events, and therefore the influence of external or internal factors sometimes leads to an unexpected decrease in profit for the business owner.
In such circumstances, the entrepreneur inevitably has a question: how to make production profitable? Obviously, the easiest way is to initially choose an area of activity that is in demand and popular with clients, and then try to maintain your position by implementing a balanced and thoughtful management strategy. However, practice shows that thanks to properly carried out optimization measures, the profitability of almost any enterprise can be significantly increased, while a frivolous attitude to this issue can bring even the most profitable business to the brink of bankruptcy.
Studying the most profitable areas of business, you can see that a high level of profitability is typical for the production of goods that are in massive demand by private buyers.
Moreover, small enterprises often perform better than large factories. economic indicators. The reason for this phenomenon is simple: such subjects entrepreneurial activity usually do not have excess funds and therefore cannot afford to maintain unnecessary assets, hire a large number of support staff and misuse resources.
Why is food production so profitable? The need for food is the most important for any person, therefore eggs, dairy and bakery products, meat and fish, oil and vegetables are in demand regardless of the state of the economy and political situation. Moreover, even exotic and unusual goods for domestic consumers sometimes become in demand and find their buyers.
In this business you can always find empty niches: despite the high level of competition, a manufacturer of high-quality and inexpensive products will certainly take its place in the market. Also, recently there has been an increase in citizens’ interest in healthy eating, which leads to an increase in the popularity of small enterprises that are guaranteed to comply with technology and use only organic raw materials. What kind of production is profitable to open:
At the initial stage, an enterprise should not try to capture the widest possible segment or enter into competition with well-known brands: such a policy requires attracting huge resources and having experience in managing them. It is better to identify a fairly narrow target audience in the average price niche, for which the quality of the product is more important than the logo on the tag. Which production is profitable in Russia:
1. Sewing workshop. Consumers are no longer delighted with Chinese or Polish products that sellers import en masse: the quality of such products leaves much to be desired, and the sizes do not meet standards. Against this background, a good-quality inexpensive clothes, sewn in local factories;
2. Sewing bags. When studying which production is the most profitable, it should be noted that every woman buys one or two new bags every year. Men also show interest in business briefcases, backpacks and travel suitcases. An addition to such a purchase will be made in a similar style:
3. Sewing leather gloves. Gloves are used not only to protect against the cold, but also as a fashion accessory. In addition, special gloves are periodically purchased by athletes, motorcyclists and cyclists. To manufacture such products, a large area and expensive machines are not needed;
4. Making leather belts. Is the production of leather belts profitable? There is an abundance of cheap Chinese and expensive European products on the market, while the middle segment is less than half full. Exclusive products are also in certain demand. self made.
Home textiles are a variety of fabric products intended for use in everyday life. This category includes towels, bed linen, tablecloths, covers and bedspreads, blankets, curtains and decorative draperies. According to buyers, such products should combine original appearance, functionality and practicality: the housewife is unlikely to like a napkin that does not absorb moisture well, or a towel that fades when washed.
When planning the organization of textile production, you must first of all study the needs of the customers for whom it will be designed. Thus, in small settlements people prefer to focus exclusively on low price. In large cities, on the contrary, cost is a secondary factor, inferior in importance high quality. The most popular, of course, is the average price niche, however, due to high competition, it is quite difficult for a newcomer to take a place in it. What kind of production is profitable to open in Russia:
1. Making decorative pillows. Decorative pillows can easily be used in interior design in almost any style. In addition, bright and original products are used as gifts.
In a small production you can sew:
1. Production of eurofences. When choosing a method for fencing their plots, owners of private houses prefer inexpensive construction materials that have an attractive appearance. Euro fences have these properties, the production of which requires only a vibrating table, a concrete mixer and a welding machine;
2. Production of aerated concrete blocks. Due to their low weight, high strength and good thermal insulation, aerated concrete blocks are widely used in construction. Similar - business with minimal investment, which does not require complex tools and technologies;
3. Production of foam plastic. Polystyrene foam is the most popular heat-insulating material, which combines low price, light weight and durability. These characteristics determine its use for:
Manufacturing of SIP panels. This enclosing structure consists of two sheets of corrugated board or OSB, between which polystyrene foam insulation is glued. As a business, it involves the use of SIP panels as the main elements of walls and ceilings.
Structure studies Russian market toys show that in almost all its segments there are no signs of shortages, and the variety of products is sufficient to satisfy any consumer wishes. At the same time, the share of domestic producers in this industry does not exceed 15%. The remaining parts are high-quality, but expensive products from well-known world brands (40%), and cheap Chinese crafts made from raw materials of dubious origin (45%).
Many parents demonstrate a willingness to buy toys in the mid-price segment produced by domestic entrepreneurs, but most often they do not find what they are looking for on the shelves. The problems here lie in the boring design and limited range, only occasionally replenished with interesting new products. Therefore, business prospects for manufacturing original and high-quality products from safe materials seem obvious. What mini-production is profitable to open:
1. Sewing toys based on children's sketches. This idea is quite difficult to implement, since for each product you have to make your own patterns and patterns. However, parents who want to please their child with a character sewn from his design are unlikely to refuse to spend 3,000–5,000 rubles on such a toy;
2. Sewing anti-stress toys. The toys are made of elastic fabric and filled with granular material, so they are pleasant to wrinkle and deform. Why does this production, profitable for small businesses, attract entrepreneurs? Mainly due to the simplicity of the technology and the high markup on finished products;
3. Production of wooden toys. In the past, wood was widely used to make toys, but with the development of plastic processing technologies, it has gone out of fashion. Today this material is becoming relevant again because:
Making trampolines. As a business idea, it seems promising mainly due to the simplicity of the technology and growing demand from customers disappointed in the low quality of Chinese products.
Business in this area is characterized by fairly broad opportunities and a large number of types of products suitable for production. For example, you can realize your ideas in the segment of products for pets - cats, dogs, fish, birds and other small pets. It is obvious that the owners, trying to create the most comfortable living conditions for them, willingly spend money on special food, accessories, furniture and hygiene products.
No less interesting and promising direction the production of goods for businessmen engaged in farming and industrial breeding of poultry and animals is presented. The needs of such enterprises for feeders, drinkers, cage batteries, heating and ventilation systems, mixed feed and other similar products significantly exceed the volumes typical of the private market.
1. Production of food for pets. This food does not need to be prepared, which greatly simplifies the process of feeding a pet. Canned food is made mainly from heat-treated and crushed offal, and dry food is made from meat processing waste with the addition of plant components and vitamins;
2. Making furniture for animals. Pet owners try to provide their pets not only with quality feeding, but also with a comfortable existence in an apartment. Which goods are profitable to produce:
3. Production of compound feed. The idea is designed to meet the needs of businessmen involved in livestock, poultry and fish farming. They are often forced to order the delivery of compound feed from afar, since there are no producers of quality products in the immediate vicinity of the farms;
4. Manufacturing of mesh cells. Metal cages are purchased mainly by farmers and owners of private household plots raising birds and animals. When choosing which production to open in 2020, you can study the demand among residents of nearby villages and start making such cages in your garage.
The souvenir business includes a huge number of areas belonging to one of two categories - advertising or consumer. The first unites various goods used in the activities of enterprises and equipped with the customer’s branding - image, promotional souvenirs and gifts for managers. The second is gift, tourist and commemorative items, as well as handmade souvenirs purchased by ordinary citizens for personal purposes.
Thanks to such diversity, they can find their place in the souvenir business as major players, producing products for corporate customers, as well as private workshops producing gifts in small batches. The industry is constantly evolving, so new technologies, complex multifunctional machines and modern composite materials.
In addition to those described above, there are hundreds and thousands of other business areas, each of which, with the right approach, can become very profitable. For example, the manufacture of polycarbonate greenhouses or the production of metal fasteners can bring significant profits to an entrepreneur determined to succeed.
Of course, the organization production activities seems difficult for beginners: the owner of such a company must simultaneously know the secrets of technology and the rules for operating equipment, understand personnel management and be able to sell. However, numerous examples of efficiently operating enterprises show that this large-scale task is completely solvable.
The question of whether it is effective worries almost all entrepreneurs. In fact, the prosperity and life of any manufacturing company directly depends on quality. However, problems with production should not be considered separately from other processes in the enterprise. Because a business must always function as a whole, otherwise measures taken in just one sector may not bring the expected results.
Virtually all organizations face the same types of problems. In most cases, they are quite easy to identify, especially since many employees are well aware of them.
Considering that many enterprises suffer from such problems, we can conclude that the cause of such phenomena is quite difficult to identify. Unfortunately, there are very rare cases when the solution to a problem is in plain sight, or this solution is simple enough to quickly get rid of all negative manifestations.
Most often you have to do quite complex work, analyze and check all stages production cycle. Moreover, the analysis cannot be done in isolation from other company processes. Thus, supply, sales, and accounting should be subject to detailed study. To identify the weak link of any company, not just a manufacturing one, it is necessary to examine the entire order path under a magnifying glass: from the receipt of an application to the manager until the moment the goods are shipped to the client.
In fact, identifying the root cause that negatively affects the enterprise is the most important goal. And when deciding how to make production efficient, it is first necessary to identify the root cause in order to focus efforts on it.
Very often, identifying the main problems is complicated by incorrect formulation of the question. On the one hand, it is reasonable to reduce costs. The main expenses of any enterprise on which you can save:
However, such cost reduction methods can lead to very negative consequences.
In turn, measures such as increasing the number of employees or purchasing new machines can also have little effect on production efficiency. Its essence lies not in general or revenue. It is much more correct to calculate this parameter based on each person working in the enterprise.
This approach allows you to immediately see many weak points in production. In fact, the main problem of low profitability of any business quite often lies in the poor organization and coherence of all processes, as well as their opacity for the participants themselves.
The natural goal of every business owner is to achieve maximum profits at minimum costs. Moreover, this issue is relevant for any sphere of production. Basic methods for achieving high profitability work in almost all industries. For example, how to make grain production efficient? Or how to increase the profitability of manufacturing school desks? When answering these questions, it is necessary to take into account similar performance indicators, as well as carry out common basic optimization measures. In further work on improving production, the specifics of the enterprise will come first.
Considering that there is a reasonable limit for cost savings, beyond which cost cutting can cause serious harm to the enterprise, a logical question arises: “How to make production efficient using other methods?”
The most important method is to evaluate the effectiveness of each individual process and employee. There are several necessary conditions, the fulfillment of which allows us to understand how to make production efficient:
Thus, the personal productivity of each employee comes first, which allows for truly efficient production. Russia has still come a short way in terms of business development. Often a lack of information forces implementation manufacturing enterprises methods copied from foreign companies.
However, this approach can have negative consequences, since many methods are simply not adapted to our realities.
