Temporary way for the removal of harvested wood from a cutting area with a service life of not more than a year, adjacent to a branch or main line of a logging road and intended for the development of individual cutting areas. The choice of tracks L. at. is carried out at the stage of preparatory logging operations - a set of operations to create the necessary conditions for performing the main work in the logging site. L. at. - part of the timber transport network of a logging enterprise. The distance between l. at., equal to two distances of skidding of wood, is established taking into account the smallest total costs for their construction and skidding of wood to timber loading points. Depending on the type of terrain and the road trains used from the coverage of L. at. can be on reinforced concrete slabs, from wooden shields on a pound or sleeper base, from logs on a sleeper base (i.e., log logging roads), as well as gravel, improved pound and pound. Use as temporary L. at is not allowed. riverbeds and streams. L. at. after the expiration of the timber removal period, they must be dismantled, and the lands occupied by them recultivated (see Land Reclamation).
1The article suggests mathematical model and a methodology that makes it possible to select a rational scheme for the transport and technological development of the forest quarter, taking into account the reduction in costs when performing a set of operations of preparatory and basic work on the development of scattered cutting areas and characterized by the possibility of a comprehensive solution to the problems of performing the main moving operations of hauling and hauling timber with an analysis of the placement on the territory of the forest quarter, in addition to quarterly clearings limiting its perimeter, additional temporary logging whiskers. The substantiation of paths with minimal costs for laying portages and hauling timber between all pairs of analyzed sites on the territory of the forest quarter is based on a sequence of k transformations of the original matrix and dividing the main task into subtasks of a smaller size, which makes it possible to exclude the repeated consideration of the costs of laying main portages in the analysis a network of skidding paths connecting cutting areas with loading points during the quarterly development of forest fund sites.
timber carrier
graph theory
loading point
timber hauling
hauling
logging
forest quarter
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6. Skrypnik V.I., Kuznetsov A.V. Substantiation of the expediency of construction of temporary logging roads (whiskers) // Actual problems of the forest complex: Sat. scientific tr. according to the results of the international sci.-tech. conf. Issue. 30. Bryansk: BGITA, -2011.-C. 168–171.
7. Skrypnik V.I., Kuznetsov A.V., Ratmanova Yu.A. Methods for minimizing the cost of primary forest transport // Scientific notes of Petrozavodsky state university. Series: Natural and technical sciences. Petrozavodsk: PetrGU, -2012.-№4,-S. 98-101.
8. Shegelman I.R., Skrypnik V.I., Galaktionov O.N. Technical equipment of modern logging - St. Petersburg: Profi-inform-2005. -337 p.
9. Shegelman I.R., Skrypnik V.I., Kuznetsov A.V. Analysis of performance indicators and evaluation of the efficiency of logging machines in various natural and production conditions. Uchenye zapiski Petrozavodskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser. "Natural and technical sciences" -2010. -No. 4 (109).-C. 66–75.
10. Shegelman I.R., Skrypnik V.I., Kuznetsov A.V., Pladov A.V. Removal of timber by road trains. Technics. Technology. Organization - St. Petersburg: PROFIKS - 2008.- 304 p.
The problem of improving the efficiency of the functioning of the primary forest transport network of forest enterprises is paid attention to in the studies of scientists from PetrSU, VGLTA, SPbLTA, MGUL, TsNIIME, SSC LPK, PSTU, etc.
The tasks of substantiating the feasibility of building temporary logging mustaches during the development of small cutting areas were analyzed in the works. The paper proposes dependencies for compiling a program for determining the critical value of the volume of timber removal from the cutting area, in which it is advisable to place a temporary logging whisker adjacent directly to the cutting area, nomograms are constructed to simplify calculations in real production conditions. Recommendations are given for the hauling of timber by tractors along the main trails outside the cutting area to the loading point adjacent to the logging road or quarterly clearing at the border of the forest quarter, if the planned volume of timber hauling is less than a reasonable critical value.
However, these studies do not imply an effective analysis of the possibility of placing temporary logging roads within the quarter if there is and jointly taking into account the possibility of hauling timber to the block clearings limiting the perimeter of the forest quarter in the conditions of a well-developed, operating block network on the leased area and the simultaneous development of several located on the territory of the quarter forest plots with different volumes of logging operations on their territory.
Purpose of the study. Substantiation of a rational technological scheme for the placement of temporary timber carriers and a network of loading points during the quarterly development of forest fund sites, taking into account the existing quarterly clearings that limit the perimeter of the forest quarter.
Material and methods of research. The proposed technique is based on the implementation of the method for solving the p-median problem in terms of integer programming. The sequence of calculations involves comparing the analyzed sections with the vertices of the graph. At the same time, the number of graph vertices depends on the number of cutting areas being developed and can be increased depending on natural conditions and the required degree of detail of the calculation results by dividing large cutting areas into parts and displaying them on the graph as its new vertices. Simultaneously with the vertices of the graph, characterizing the cutting areas being developed within the forest quarter, the vertices are marked on the graph, characterizing the possible locations of loading points near the block of quarterly clearings. As graph edges, possible options for laying main portages on its territory are noted, their lengths and projected costs for their placement are fixed.
The vertices of the resulting graph are numbered in the following sequence: initially, the vertices of the graph are numbered, corresponding to the areas marked near the quarterly clearings, and then all the analyzed cutting areas on the territory of the quarter.
The costs of arranging loading points at each of the analyzed sites are predicted. If, for any reason, the placement of a loading point on the territory of the cutting area is impossible, then the costs of its arrangement are equated to. The volumes of harvested wood are predicted for each of the cutting areas.
We accept - the distribution matrix, in which
Let us accept if the peak is a median peak (i.e., in this section of the forest quarter there is a loading point and there are access roads that provide the possibility of transporting timber using timber vehicles to the timber warehouse) and, in the case when the analyzed area is not supposed to accommodate loading point and arrangement of timber transport routes.
The proposed methodology provides for a reduction in the total costs of maintaining the existing quarterly clearings in the current state, placing additional logging roads, main portages on the territory of the forest quarter, arranging a given number of loading points, hauling timber to them, and takes into account the costs of hauling timber to the timber warehouse. Using the technique involves minimizing the objective function:
The physical meaning of the terms taken into account in the objective function is as follows:
The first term characterizes the total costs of laying all the main trails that connect the developed areas in the forest quarter, and hauling timber along them to loading points:
where - the minimum total cost for laying the main trails connecting sections i and j, and for hauling wood between the designated sections, d.u.;
The second term takes into account the total cost of arranging loading points:
where - the cost of placing a loading point on - site, d.u.;
The third term takes into account the possible costs of laying a logging road:
where 
various options for laying transport routes from the analyzed area to areas located near quarterly clearings, corresponding to the minimum cost for laying main portages (temporary logging roads), m; - number of sites adjacent to quarterly clearings, pcs; - additional costs associated with the transformation of 1 p.m. the main portage to the logging road, d.u.;
The fourth term takes into account the additional costs of moving logging vehicles along additional logging roads, the analysis of the feasibility of placing them in the forest quarter is an integral part of this methodology:
where - the cost of a machine-shift of timber vehicles involved in the removal of timber, d.u.; - cut wood stock in each of the analyzed areas, m3; - average speed of logging vehicles in idle and freight directions along additional logging roads laid in the forest quarter, m/s; - average load per flight of timber vehicles, m3; - number of hours of operation of timber vehicles per shift, hours; - coefficient of use of time of change of timber transport; 
- minimum distances from the analyzed area, located at the quarterly clearing to the corner of the forest quarter in the direction of which the timber is transported to the timber warehouse.
Restrictions imposed on the objective function:
For all analyzed sites, a condition must be met that guarantees that any analyzed vertex is attached to one and only one median vertex (i.e., any analyzed site (cutting area) in the territory of the forest quarter is connected by means of a main portage to only one loading point).
On the territory of the forest quarter, to ensure the performance of all logging operations, one or more loading points must be located (i.e., in the column characterizing the areas on the territory of the forest quarter, there must be at least p median peaks). The fulfillment of this condition is ensured by the introduced restriction on the number of loading points in the forest quarter.
The number of options used in the analysis for placing loading points near the quarterly clearing should correspond to the condition:
For all analyzed sites, a condition must be met that guarantees that any analyzed vertex can only be attached to a vertex included in the median set (i.e., if , then , since the connection of any analyzed site (cutting area) in the territory of the forest quarter through the main portage or a network of main portages to the second section can only be justified if a loading point is located on the second section).
Values are integers and can be within . Similar to the method for solving the p-median problem in terms of integer programming, it is advisable to transform this condition into the expression:
Each site (cutting area), taken as a median peak, must be connected by a main portage or a network of main portages and quarterly clearings with one or more sites located on the border of the forest quarter.
Justification of the minimum cost for laying portages and skidding between all
pairs of analyzed plots of the forest quarter
To solve the problem, it is necessary to substantiate the methodology for calculating the minimum total costs for laying main portages and hauling wood between all pairs of analyzed sections and .
To implement this task, mathematical dependencies are derived that take into account the peculiarities of the technological process of logging operations in the conditions of quarterly development of forest fund plots and the variety of natural and production conditions of the analyzed plots, which allow filling in and converting all successive matrices, intermediate values of substantiating the minimum costs for laying portages and skidding between all pairs of analyzed plots of the forest quarter.
To fill in the initial matrix, covering the values of the minimum total costs for laying the main portages and hauling wood only between the nearest pairs of analyzed areas and , directly connected to each other by the main portage, without realizing the possibility of laying it through the territory of another cutting area, a mathematical relationship is proposed:
where - the cost of laying the main portage between the sites and located on the territory of the forest quarter, d.u.; - distance between sections and , m; - the cost of a machine-shift of equipment involved in hauling timber, f.u.; - average volume of a skidding pack of timber, m3; - the number of hours of operation of the machine involved in skidding, per shift, hours; - coefficient of use of shift time when hauling wood; - the average speed of the machine involved in skidding in idle and cargo directions along the main portages, m/s.
If there is no main portage directly connecting the analyzed sections and , then the element of the initial matrix is assigned the value +∞. The elements of the original matrix are assigned the value +∞.
The proposed technique is based on a sequence of transformations of the original matrix. The task is divided into smaller subtasks. The principle of dynamic programming is applied, where the optimal solution of a smaller problem can be used to solve the original problem. At the same time, according to the Floyd algorithm, at each subsequent iteration, the new matrix represents the minimum total cost for laying the main trails and hauling wood between pairs of analyzed sections and with the limitation that the path between all pairs of sections and as intermediate sections contains only sections from the set.
To calculate the elements of all subsequent matrices, it is recommended to use the recurrence relation:
where is the number of the analyzed matrix of values (iteration number); , - respectively, the distances between the sections and , obtained from the results of the matrices and , m; , - respectively, the cost of laying the main portage to the first nearest section on the path between the sections and , obtained from the results of the matrices and , f.u.
The elements , , of the last result matrix are assigned the value 0.
The results of the last iteration are substituted into the previously proposed objective function. The search for a solution can be carried out using linear programming methods.
The results of the study and their discussion. The proposed methodology for substantiating the minimum costs for laying trails and skidding between all pairs of analyzed sections of the forest quarter makes it possible to exclude repeated accounting for the costs of laying main trails when analyzing the network of trunk trails connecting cutting areas with loading points on the territory of the forest quarter. Using the results, it is possible to shift the loading points at a certain distance from the values \u200b\u200bincluded in the calculations, or to place timber along a temporary logging fence, but it should be noted that moving the loading points in the direction of timber removal will lead to an increase in the costs of transport and technological development of the forest quarter in accordance with the following addiction:
where is the value corresponding to the change in the total costs for the development of the forest quarter, d.u.; - deviation from the calculated position of the loading point in the direction of skidding (wood hauling), m; - volumes of work on skidding wood from cutting areas connected by main portages with a -loading point, m3; , respectively, the cost of laying 1 l.m. main portage and 1 l.m. timber mustache.
Findings. The proposed mathematical dependencies and the methodology make it possible to provide the possibility of a comprehensive accounting of the main moving operations of logging and hauling of timber and analysis of the placement on the territory of the forest quarter, in addition to the block clearings limiting its perimeter, additional temporary logging whiskers.
Reviewers:
Shirnin Yu.A., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of TOLP, Volga State Technological University, Yoshkar-Ola;
Tsarev E.M., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Volga State University of Technology, Yoshkar-Ola.
Figure 5.5. Scheme for the development of cutting areas based on feller bunchers and skidders: a - with bunching of trees along the track of the VPM (with idle moves of the VPM); b - with stacking of trees at an angle to the direction of the technological working stroke of the VPM: 1 - logging mustache; 2 - main portage; 3 - bee portage; 4 - timber loading point; 5 - the direction of the working strokes of the VPM; 6 - skidding machine; 7
- the border of the tapes; 8 - packs of trees packaged by VPM; 9 - VPM; 10 - bypass portage; 11 - security zone; 12 - planting in the cutting area before felling; 13 - preserved undergrowth; 14 - seed trees
Rice. 5.6. Scheme for the development of cutting areas according to the three-band technology based on feller bunchers and skidders: 1 - logging mustache; 2 - main portage; 3 – apiary skid trail; 4 - loading point, 5 - technological passages of the VPM; 6 - skidder; 7
- kick; 8 - packs of trees laid during development central tape; 9 - packs of trees laid during the development of the second belt; 10 - preserved undergrowth conifers; 11 - VPM; 12 - cutting area (plantation) before felling; 13 - border of the security zone
Trees are skidded along the portage located on the middle belt. To ensure safe working conditions at adjacent operations, it is advisable to develop three adjacent apiaries simultaneously. It is advisable to develop the right belts after the trees have been shot from the middle and left belts. Trees are skidded with their peaks forward, using tractors with manipulators or with rope-choker equipment for skidding.
The main disadvantage of the scheme (Fig. 5.6) is the multiple passes on the drag (24 ... 30 runs) of the skidder and the possibility of damaging the soil on it and idle runs of the VPM, which negatively affects its performance. Therefore, it is preferable to develop a cutting area using a two-band technology.
The development of the apiary according to the two-tape method is carried out in two steps, starting from the right tape, similarly to the three-tape technology, in this case, understanding the middle one as the right tape. The development of the left tapes is identical. The advantage of this scheme is that it can be applied
harvested on cutting areas and with a satisfactory bearing capacity of the soil, as well as the higher productivity of the VPM compared to the development of a three-line apiary.
The scheme of interstrip gradual felling by the method of two-band technology is shown in fig. 5.7. When developing the central belt, in the middle of which the skidding trail is laid, bundles of trees are laid strictly in the track of the machine; when developing an adjacent tape - at an angle of up to 30 ° to the direction of the drag. Then the VPM moves to another apiary, leaving one or two apiaries untouched with a length of (n − 1)l n , where n is the number of felling steps. After switching to
In the second apiary, in the first, trees are cleared of branches with a light chainsaw. The collection and skidding of the whips by the top is carried out by a tractor with a manipulator or with a rope-choker equipment. This allows you to save the undergrowth.
Rice. 5.7. Scheme for the development of cutting areas during interstrip gradual felling using a two-band technology: 1 - logging mustache; 2 - timber loading point; 3 - portage; 4 - skidder; 5 - preserved undergrowth of conifers; 6 - stumps; 7 - technological progress of the HPM; 8 - preserved strip of forest; 9 - pruner; 10 - VPM; 11 - packs
trees laid on the portage during the development of the central tape
Technologies for the development of cutting areas based on feller bunchers and
skidders with technological moves of the VPM parallel to the logging mustache or circular acceptable for implementation only
only clear cuttings with subsequent reforestation in certain natural conditions.
Rice. 5.8. Scheme for the development of VPM logging sites and skidders: a - with stacking trees at an angle close to the straight line to the direction of the VPM technological progress; b - ring scheme: 1 - timber carrier; 2 - timber loading point; 3 - a stack of whips; 4 - skidder; 5 - stumps; 6 - the border of the security zone; 7 - VPM; 8 - the direction of the technological progress of the VPM; 9 - seed trees; 10 - packs of trees harvested by VPM; 11 - the border of the tapes; 12 - growing forest
The development of the plot with moves parallel to the timber mustache (Fig. 5.8, but), allows you to create a stock of packs on the plot, which has to be done with a technological gap between the felling and skidding. It is advisable to use it in flat cutting areas with soils of increased bearing capacity. The development of the plot begins from the far edge with straight moves parallel to the mustache with turns of the VPM at the ends of the tapes. As the strips are cut, the feller buncher approaches the logging truck. Packs of trees are laid perpendicular to the direction of movement of the machine with butts towards the timber carrier. On the first two or three tapes, the bundles are stacked at smaller angles.
Skidding of bundles begins after the development of the entire array of the plot without portage along the shortest distance from the place where bundles of trees are laid to the loading point across the developed belts.
When moving in a circle (Fig. 5.8, b), the VPM begins to develop the plot, moving along the tapes at its borders, gradually approaching the center as the plot is developed. Cut trees VPM stacks packs at an angle behind itself or in front of itself, depending on the skidding direction. The large scope of work being created makes it possible to ensure skidding of packs from any place, excluding the safety zone near the VPM.
When working in a circular pattern, the turns of the VPM are minimized, and thereby the loss of time for maneuvering is reduced. With strict adherence to the width and parallelism of the tapes and stacking of packs at the rear along the axis of movement of the machine, the VPM can work with partial preservation of the undergrowth. In this case, all belts are developed by machine moves only in the direction of skidding. The scheme (Fig. 5.8, b) is recommended when the VPM is operating on moist soils or if there are non-operational sections inside the array, as well as light forests and swamps.
5.3. Technologies for the development of logging sites with skidding of trees based on feller skidders
The technology for the development of cutting areas depends on the mode of operation of the feller skidder (VTM), the terrain and soil conditions. VTM can operate in technological modes: hauling and hauling.
Technologies for the development of cutting areas VTM with parallel paths along the cut forest belts acceptable for the implementation of clear cuts with subsequent renewal, as well as the first methods of interstrip gradual felling in plantations without undergrowth. When developing
logging sites according to the schemes (Fig. 5.9, a, b) the device of bee portages is not provided.
The scheme for developing plots with tapes perpendicular to the timber mustache (Fig. 5.9, but) is the main technological scheme. It is used in non-boggy areas of the cutting area with a flat terrain or gentle slopes towards the timber carrier.
Rice. 5.9. Schemes for the development of logging sites by feller-skidders when operating in the felling-skidding mode: a - with tapes perpendicular to the logging mustache; b - tapes parallel to the timber carrier: 1 - timber carrier; 2 - tapes; 3 - TMV; 4 - stumps; 5 - growing forest; 6 - technological moves of the machine; 7 - security zone; 8 - skidding drag; 9 - timber loading point, 10 - entrance portage; - the width of the developed
The development of the main part of the plot begins with cutting the first strip. To do this, the VTM, maneuvering between the trees, comes from the mustache into the depths of the plot at a distance that ensures the formation of the maximum allowable bundle of trees, after which the machine turns around and, moving towards the mustache, cuts the trees on the left side and forms a bundle from them, which is then hauled to the timber loading point located near the mustache. This technique is repeated until the tape is cut to the end of the plot. Having completed the development of the first tape, VTM proceeds to develop the next tape from its far end. Moving along the wall of the forest, the machine cuts and stacks
puts on the conic all the trees that are in the zone of action of the working bodies of the TMV to the left of it. Having formed a pack of trees, the VTM hauls it to the timber loading point. Then the machine returns to the mastered tape, where the last tree was felled, picks up the next pack and skids it. This continues until the full development of the tape. In the same order, all subsequent tapes on the plot are developed.
When working according to the scheme (Fig. 5.9, but) the width of the plot a d should be
such that the machine can form at least one pack. This is possible if
where l p is the length of the tape for a set of one pack, m; V p - the volume of the formed pack, m3; q – stock per 1 ha, m3/ha; bl is the width of the tape on which the bundle is formed, m; and without - the width of the safety zone along the logging whisker.
The plot development scheme with tapes parallel to the timber carrier (Fig. 5.9, b) is used for the development of cutting areas with a flat terrain with low labor intensity for laying a timber carrier. On dense soils and in winter, the hauler can shift following the development of the plot, which also minimizes the average skidding distance. Whiskers can be laid through distances within 60 ... 100 m. The technology for the development of tapes and the sequence of their development are similar to the previously described process. The formed pack of trees on the belt skids to the timber loading point along the shortest path across the previously developed belts.
In the case of wet soils in summer or with deep snow cover in winter, it is better to develop the plot with strips located at an angle of 60 ... 70 ° to the timber carrier. Such an arrangement of the belts facilitates the movement of the VTM in the cargo direction by reducing the angle of rotation when leaving the timber loading point.
Narrow apiary technology based on feller skidders with skidding trees behind butt suitable for the implementation of predominantly clear felling with preliminary regeneration (preservation of undergrowth), as well as strip cutting in areas with and without undergrowth, clear felling with subsequent reforestation.
Using this technology, it is possible to develop cutting areas with the preservation of 40 ... 60% of undergrowth. To do this, skidding trails are marked on the plots with a distance between them within 1.5 ... 2 of the maximum working departures of the manipulator Rmax (Fig. 5.10).
After felling and skidding the forest from the safety zone, the forest is sequentially cut down on a portage up to 4 m wide, and then
the top of both half apiaries. Cutting through the portages is carried out by the VTM, usually when reversing along the intended sight.
Fig.5.10. Scheme for the development of cutting areas according to narrow apiary technology based on feller-logging machines with the preservation of undergrowth: 1 - logging trail; 2 - timber carrier; 3 - the border of the security zone; 4 - bee portage; 5 - timber loading point; 6 - trees cut down during the development of portage; 7 - TMV; 8 - border of apiaries; 9 - preserved undergrowth; 10 - sources of seeding; 11 - growing forest
Moving in the opposite direction, the VTM fells and puts into the conic the trees located both on the left and on the right in the direction of its movement within the range of the manipulator. The felling of the trees that are more distant from the portage is carried out with the top on the top part of the trees laid in the bunk, and the butt is placed in the bunk with a manipulator, which excludes damage to the undergrowth. At the same time, trees felled during the cutting of the portage are selected. The formed bundle is hauled to a timber loading station. After skidding the next pack, the VTM returns to the bee trail and the cycle repeats. After the entire tape has been developed, the machine moves on to the next tape.
Technology for the development of the cutting area VTM in the mode of operation of the roll-
stacking and skidding bundles of trees by skidding machines along specially cut trails acceptable for the implementation of clear cuts with subsequent regeneration, as well as the first methods of interstrip gradual felling in plantations without undergrowth.
When operating in the felling-bunching mode, the VTM should form packs, the volume of which would correspond to the trip load for a skidder operating in the complex, as a rule, with a pack grip. The formation of a pack for the traction characteristic of a skidder is distinctive feature operation of the VTM in the roll-bunching mode.
The scheme of operation of the VTM in the roll-packing mode is shown in fig. 5.11. Here, in tandem with the VTM, a skidding machine works. VTM moves along the cutting area along a two-sided expanding perimeter. The processed tapes are located parallel to the logging road. The felled trees are placed in the forming device and, as the pack is formed, are unloaded at the main portage. Their hauling into stacks is carried out by a skidding machine, which in this case does not leave the main portage. Before starting work on this scheme, the main trails must be cut, as well as a technological corridor in the middle of the cutting area parallel to the logging road.
When developing a plot with passages parallel to the logging mustache, the length of the pack formation tape can be determined by the formula:
qbl |
|||||||
where V is |
volume of the formed pack, m3; q - forest stock per 1 ha, m3; b |
||||||
the width of the tape developed by the VTM in one pass, m
Depending on the type of timber being exported, the technologies for developing cutting areas with the use of feller bunchers and feller loggers (Fig. 5.5 ... 5.11) can be implemented in the following variants of work at a timber loading point: with loading and hauling of trees; with the cleaning of trees from branches and the loading and removal of whips; with cleaning of trees from branches, bucking of whips into assortments, loading and hauling of assortments.
Rice. 5.11. Scheme for the development of cutting areas along the VTM in the mode of felling: 1 - logging mustache; 2 - timber loading point; 3 - growing forest; 4 - stumps; 5 - main portage; 6 - tapes; 7 - border of the security zone; 10 - TMV; 8 – skidder; 9 - technological moves of the machine; 11 - technological corridor for the arrival of the car; 12 - packs of trees
5.4. Cutting area development technologies based on harvester and forwarder
Narrow apiary technology for the development of cutting areas based on a harvester and a forwarder suitable for the implementation of all types of clear felling, including those with preliminary regeneration, mainly in plantations with small undergrowth and with low and medium productive stands, selective felling (strip, evenly gradual, etc.) when fulfilling forestry requirements to limit the area of trails by giving they have a sinuous shape, including during felling in winter without restrictions, in summer, excluding waterlogged soils.
The development of cutting areas with the use of harvesters involves the use of two possible ways of storing assortments relative to the direction of movement of the machine: one-sided and two-sided. The double-sided method of stacking assortments allows reducing the amount of work on dragging trees when performing technological
Preparatory work is carried out in order to create the necessary conditions for safe and high-performance work in the main logging operations. Preparation of cutting areas for development is mandatory and must be carried out before it begins.
2.1 Scope of preparatory work
The preparatory work includes: preparation of the forest resource fund, removal of dangerous trees, preparation of portages and timber loading points, selection of routes and construction of timber mustaches; preparation of service (auxiliary) industries (arrangement of the workshop site).
2.2 Allotment of logging sites in kind
Allotment of cutting areas is carried out by forestries, as a rule, in the spring-summer period: for the main use and reforestation felling - 2 years before the cutting areas enter the felling; for forest care felling - 1 year before felling; for clear sanitary and other similar cuttings - according to the actual need. Before allotment of logging sites, all persons involved in this work must be preliminarily instructed to conduct training on the allocation and assessment of logging sites in kind. When starting to allocate a cutting area, they take a copy of it from the plan for cutting cutting areas (with a detailed reference), write out the taxation characteristics of the plots included in it, and select aerial photographs, if any.
The cutting area designed for allotment is preliminarily inspected in kind. In case of significant discrepancies with the forest inventory data (unripe forest, incorrect definition of the predominant species), as a result of which the plantations cannot be allocated for felling, these areas are replaced by others with the preparation of an appropriate act. If necessary, the cutting area is divided into plots.
2.3 Preparatory work on the area of plots
Plot - a section of a cutting area, gravitating towards one loading point (upper warehouse). The number of plots in a cutting area depends on its size and the accepted average skidding distance. The dimensions of the plots for each specific case are different and depend mainly on the type of machines used for felling and skidding.
An apiary is a part of a plot, mastered from one skid trail. The length of the apiary is mainly equal to the width of the plot. The width of the apiary is set on the basis of the method of felling and skidding trees (whips), the composition and height of forest plantations, the terrain, and soil conditions.
Tape (semi-apiary) - part of the plot, which is developed in one pass of the feller, VTM or VPM.
A breakdown into apiaries is made with the help of sights. A protective strip with an open border 25-30 m wide is allotted. A portage is laid, its border is marked with marks on the trees.
2.4 Choice of the scheme of transport development of the cutting area
Laying portages should take place with the maximum use of the gaps between the trees left and cutting down with a minimum number of trees (undergrowth). The width of the portage should be no more than 5 m. The length of bee portages in the summer (with unfrozen ground) is up to 250 m in forests of groups 1 and P and 300 in forests of group III. In winter, when the ground is frozen, the length of the portage may increase.
When carrying out logging operations in the summer in forests with moist and waterlogged soils or fresh loamy soils, skidding of wood is allowed only along trails reinforced with logging residues.
The total share of soil damage by mineralization of its surface on heavy clayey and loamy damp and moist soils (long-moss, bilberry and similar groups of forest types) should not exceed 20% of the cutting area in flat conditions.
In flat conditions, soil damage in the form of a rut with a depth of more than 10 cm and a length of more than 3% of the length of the apiary portage and more than 5% of the main road is not allowed. For areas where the formation of ruts does not lead to a sharp decrease in the protective, water-protective functions of the forest and the conditions for reforestation, the limits for soil damage can be reduced by the forestry authorities.
2.5 Cutting trails and building logging whiskers
The transport preparation of the logging fund includes the survey and construction of logging mustaches and artificial structures. Timber mustaches, as a rule, have a simple device.
Prior to the start of development, a logging road must be brought to the cutting area. For its laying, a simplified survey of the area is performed. Whisker tracing should be linked to the accepted cutting area development technology.
For laying the mustache, a strip 6 ... 8 m wide is being developed. All dangerous trees along the logging mustache at a distance of 25 m in both directions are removed before its construction begins. The type of mustache is selected depending on the soil conditions. The length of the logging whiskers depends on the accepted skidding distance and the location of the logging fund allotted for felling for the reference year. Mustaches are built by road construction teams under the guidance of a master.
2.6 Preparation of loading areas. Calculation of the required number of loading areas for storing harvested wood
Places for loading areas are selected according to the requirements:
The slope of the road train should not exceed 15%, and the path itself should be as straight as possible;
Under the loading area, it is desirable to use a territory with a clearing, clearing, without undergrowth of the main breed;
The size of the loading area should be sufficient to accommodate 6-8 shifts of timber harvested by the team.
Places for loading areas are arranged in accordance with technological map simultaneously with the cutting of the clearing for the road. Preparation of loading areas consists of the following works:
Clearing the site from deadwood, shrubs, boulders, cut down the stumps flush with the ground
Cutting safety zones and laying whips as beds.
We choose loading platforms with a size of 35x40 m.
2.7 Labor costs for preparatory work
The amount of preparatory work, and the labor costs for their implementation depend on the annual production volume, soil conditions and terrain and the system of machines for logging operations, etc.
Let's use the following formula to determine labor costs:
where Q is the annual volume of timber removal from each cutting area, m3;
q - forest stock per 1 ha, m 3;
A - labor costs for the preparation of 1 ha, (0.5-1.5 person/days);
B - labor costs for the preparation of one loading point by workers, (0.1-2);
K - coefficient taking into account cuttings, burnt areas, etc., (1.1-1.2);
C - labor costs for the construction of 1 km mustache by one worker (10-15);
S - area gravitating to one loading point, (5-8 hectares);
b - the width of the forest strip, mastered from one mustache, km .;
Roads laid through forest areas and from forest areas to the roads of the general network, as well as to the production shops of logging enterprises and territorial forestries, are called forest roads.
Forest roads are classified as industrial transport roads and are divided into logging and forestry. Timber roads serve for the transportation of timber and other goods carried out by logging enterprises in the development of timber bases assigned to them on a leasehold basis. Timber roads are designed as technological paths and are divided into highways, branches and mustaches.
The highway is called a logging road, operated during the entire or a significant part of the life of the enterprise. It connects the timber base with the lower timber storage of the enterprise, a consumption point or a public road. The highway, as a rule, crosses the entire or almost the entire forest area and combines all logging roads into a single network.
A branch is a logging road adjacent to the highway and intended for the development of part of the forest. In some cases, branches may adjoin public roads. The service life of the branches is 5-10 years.
Us is a temporary logging road used for the development of a specific cutting area. Whiskers, as a rule, are adjacent to branches, but sometimes to the highway. The service life of the mustache corresponds to the duration of the development of the cutting area and is usually 2 - 3 months, less often - 1 year.
Currently, skidding of harvested wood uses wheel factors, which can significantly increase the hauling distance in dry areas and in winter.
In this case timber mustache, as a rule, they do not build, and the wood is hauled directly to the branches of the logging road.
Forestry roads are built to perform work on the operation, maintenance, restoration and protection of forests. The network of forestry roads should provide constant access to any part of the forest, so the service life of such roads is also constant. The basis for the forestry road network is a network of quarterly clearings that act as roads of the lower, III type providing the passage of single vehicles. These roads are fire, drainage, and also provide access to forest cordons, forest seed and rangers. Along with them, type II roads are being built in the forest fund. The role of the main transport route is performed by a type I forestry road.
Considering that, according to the new Forest Code Russian Federation(2007) all forestry activities in the leased forest fund should be carried out by tenants (loggers), it is advisable to build a network of logging and forestry roads as a single and consistent with the general network of local roads.
Technological and organizational structure timber transport process
Timber transport is a technological phase of logging production, linking two other phases - logging operations and operations for the primary processing of wood in the lower timber warehouses.
Wood from cutting areas can be exported in the form of trees, whips, assortments and technological chips. The type of exported wood determines the technological structure of the timber transport process.
At the loading point, an interoperational stock of wood is formed. The presence of this reserve is extremely important for ensuring the rhythmic operation of timber transport. The size of the interoperational stock is determined by calculation.
A stock of wood at the loading point is required in cases where the actual receipt will be less than the shift task for loading. The reason for the creation of stocks is random deviations in the actual productivity (reduction in income) of wood or an increase in the intensity of its removal.
Trees or whips are loaded onto the rolling stock by tip-over jaw loaders. It is also possible to use the large-pack loading method using winches.
Loaded wood is transported by road trains or narrow gauge rolling stock to the lower timber warehouse.
When removing assortments, it becomes unprofitable to use high-performance and expensive jaw loaders, therefore, mobile hydraulic manipulators are used for loading or removal is carried out by a rolling stock with a hydraulic manipulator for self-loading.
Technological chips are taken out by chip trucks equipped with a self-unloading container. Chips are loaded into the container directly from the mobile chipper. As a rule, chips are exported directly to its consumer.
The organizational structure of the timber transport process in different enterprises may be different. The most common is such a structure, in which timber transport work in a logging enterprise is performed by a timber transport shop, the specific composition of which is determined by the volume of transport work and local conditions.
The subdivisions of the timber transport shop, which provide the removal of timber, are:
services for the maintenance and repair of logging roads and road structures (road service);
technical service for the maintenance and repair of rolling stock, road and handling equipment, provision of fuel, lubricants and spare parts;
dispatching service, whose task is operational planning and management of the timber transport process, ensuring the implementation of the hauling plan and accounting for the completed transport work.
