Feudal society part 2
Paragraphs No. 11-13, 6th grade
Teacher of history and social studies, Municipal Educational Institution Goryutinskaya Secondary School, Kalininsky District, Tver Region
Trufanova Marina Nikolaevna
Chivalry
A knight is a horseman, an equestrian warrior, usually the owner of a fief.
The main occupation is war.
Leisure activities: tournaments, hunting.
A horseman or horseman was called a knight.
In France - Chevalier (from the word “cheval” - horse).
In Germany - ritter (from the word “ritter” - horse)
WHO WERE NAMED
KNIGHT?
STAGES OF BECOMING A KNIGHT
Knighted at age 21
FROM 5 TO 12 YEARS OLD - PAGE
FROM 12 TO 20 YEARS OLD - Squire
Only after long service were those who distinguished themselves knighted.
During a big holiday, the warrior knelt in front of the most noble of the guests, and he struck with the palm of his hand on the back of the head or with the blade of a sword on the back - this was the only blow that the knight could receive without retaliating for it.
CODE OF HONOR OF A KNIGHT
KNIGHT EQUIPMENT
Weapon:
Cloth:
The castle is the home of a knight.
The first fortifications on the territory of England can be dated back to the 5th century BC. is Maiden Castle in Dorset. The first stone fortifications in England appeared already in the 1st century. These were Roman buildings, so well made that the ruins still stand to this day. Of course, wooden buildings predominated at that time, but fragments of some of them have survived.
CASTLE is the dwelling of a feudal lord, his fortress. In the castle he hid from enemy attacks
At first, castles were built from wood, and then they began to be built from stone. .
Usually the castle was built on a hill or high rock
The castle was surrounded by a wide moat with water to make it more difficult for the enemy to reach the inhabitants of the castle .
The main tower rose above all the buildings of the castle - donjon
In it, the feudal lord with his warriors and servants could withstand a long siege, even if other fortifications were captured.
Donjon - the tallest and largest tower of the castle, in which the feudal lord took refuge during the siege.
Lock– a knight’s dwelling, a stone fortress.
What do these castles have in common?
Where were castles usually located?
Was it comfortable to live in the castle?
Was it easy to capture the castle?
What was needed to capture the castle?
The main functions of a feudal castle with suburbs were:
Customs and manners
Knightly tournament.
Feast in the knight's castle.
Falconry
Courtliness
(from the French “court”) - the art of courtly behavior, the ability to behave in the company of ladies.
KNIGHT TOURNAMENT
Tournament is a military competition of knights in strength and dexterity.
Tournaments were organized by kings and noble feudal lords. Many spectators gathered at them.
On the 1st day the knights
participated in personal
competitions. Full
the gallop needed to be knocked out
enemy from the saddle
with a special spear.
The winner chose
queen of the tournament. On day 2
knights participated in
team competitions -
split into two groups
led by the two strongest at the end of 1 day.
Tournament
Coat of arms is a distinctive sign of the family
A motto is a short saying explaining the meaning of the coat of arms.
Knightly coats of arms
Coats of arms had several established forms.
Coats of arms were compiled according to certain rules.
There were images of animals on the coats of arms.
The motto was placed on the coats of arms.
Components of the coat of arms:
TEMPLIER COAT OF ARMS
The motto of all knights was: “God, woman and king”; they were real defenders of the fatherland. The aforementioned motto shone at the luxurious and warlike festivities of the knights, in their military games, in the solemn gatherings of daredevils and beauties, in their imaginary battles, in magnificent tournaments that multiplied more and more. Chivalry also contributed to the preservation of vassal loyalty and simplicity, which, of course, colored the human soul; at that time one word was considered an inviolable pledge in the most important contracts. Lies and treachery were considered the most vile crimes among knights; they were branded with contempt. The brilliant feats performed by the knights earned them the most honorable distinctions. They were given different titles; knights had the right to sit at the same table with kings; only they alone had the right to wear spears, armor, gilded spurs, double chain mail, gold, helmets, ermine and squirrel furs, velvet, red cloth and put weather vanes on their towers.
Punishments of knights
The rights and privileges given to the knights also implied greater responsibility for failure to fulfill oaths and violation of the code of honor. Misdeeds were followed by severe punishment, including the death penalty. A warrior convicted of treason or other grave and unworthy of his rank sin was subject to demotion and shameful expulsion from noble society and the country, if he survived at all. At such a sad ceremony, as a rule, all representatives of the knightly class, as well as the church synod, were present. The condemned man was publicly led to the scaffold, where the knight's inverted shield was already hanging on the pillory. All the armor was removed from the criminal one by one, and he was deprived of titles, awards and estates. Then the clergy consigned him to eternal damnation and buried him alive, depriving him of his name and status. This was followed by the death penalty or, at best, exile. The shame that the demoted and cursed knight brought upon himself spread over several generations of his family. For less significant offenses there was a less severe punishment. True, the mark of shame still remained for a long time on the entire family of the knight. Basically, the accusations were reflected in the coat of arms of the noble house, its pride. Often, the inverted shield of the offender was put on public display in the pillory. Then the entire coat of arms or individual parts were erased from it, sometimes it was simply repainted or certain symbols were added corresponding to the crime committed. By the way, a knight could be punished in this way not only for lying or impious behavior, but also for drunkenness. To be fair, it should be said that the knight was almost always given the opportunity to justify himself by fighting one of his accusers. The truth remained with the winner, and the loser suffered the due punishment. If the outcome of the fight turned out to be fatal, then the fallen person was posthumously demoted and cursed, and his body was sent to a cesspool.
As for less serious crimes, then for them the knights were punished according to with the importance of the offense they committed. So, for example, as punishment, the shield of a guilty knight was tied upside down to a pillory with the designation crimes, then they erased the coat of arms or some parts of the coat of arms from the shield, sometimes they drew symbols of dishonor, or even broke it. If a knight was proud of his exploits, and actually did nothing, such a braggart was punished as follows: the right side of the head of the coat of arms on his shield was shortened. If any knight dared to kill prisoner of war, then for this they also shortened the head of the coat of arms on the shield, rounding it below. If a knight lied, flattered and made false reports to drag their sovereign into war, then the head of the coat of arms on his shield covered with red, erasing the signs that were there. If someone recklessly went into battle with enemy and thereby caused loss and even dishonor to his compatriots and even in his homeland, he was punished by being drawn in a crowd below. If the knight was convicted of perjury or If he was caught drunk, then on both sides of his coat of arms they drew two black money. If a knight was convicted of cowardice, then his coat of arms was dirty on the left side. Those who did not keep this word had a quadrangle drawn in the center of the coat of arms. If the knight who was suspected of crime, was defeated in a duel that was supposed to prove it innocence, or he was killed and before his death confessed to his crime, the army officers laid his body on a black wicker lattice or tied it to the tail of a mare, and then gave it to the executioner, who threw the corpse of the criminal knight into a garbage pit. His shield was tied upside down to the pillory for three days, and then it was broken when a large crowd gathered, and his half-caftan was torn to shreds.
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Objectives: Find out who the knight is? What does his weapon consist of? How did the knights fight? Where did the knights live?
Purpose of the work: to study the lifestyle of knights of the Middle Ages.
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Introduction
A knight is a professional warrior. But not just any warrior. Knight, Reiter, Chevalier, etc. in all languages it means “horseman”. But not just any horseman, but a horseman in a helmet, armor, with a shield, spear and sword. A knight is a real fearless warrior who gave rise to a culture called chivalry.
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Everything knightly was very expensive; anyone who had enough money to buy a war horse, weapons and armor could become a knight. A complete set of the simplest knightly weapons was very expensive - at least 45 cows or 15 mares had to be paid for it. And this is the size of a herd or herd of an entire village. Only the son of a knight could become a knight and must undergo the initiation rite.
The history of chivalry
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Knighting ritual
The future knight was struck on the back of the head or cheek (or with a sword blade on the back). This was the only blow that the knight could receive without returning
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Knight armor
For protection, the knight wore a shield. The main weapons of a knight were a sword and a spear. Attached to the shell were: gloves and metal pants, a breastplate and chin guard, as well as parts that protected the face.
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The knight wore a chainmail hood or a forged iron helmet of a pointed shape with plates to protect the cheeks and nose. The helmet is the most responsible and important element of the armor: if you lose your arm, you can still sit in the saddle, but if you lose your head...
1 - Italian 2 - German 3 - French 4 - French 1310 5 - German 1318 6 - French 1340 7 - German 8, 9, 10 - French 1370 11 - English 12 - Flemish 13 - French 1380 14 - Bishop's Helmet 15 - French 1400
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Leather armor
The armor of the first European knights was leather. The positive features of leather armor are its accessibility and lightness. But in general, it often did not justify itself - the level of protection it provided did not pay for the reduction in mobility. They were of little help from arrows and spear blows, but, being hard, they effectively prevented the cutting of armor.
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Chainmail
Leather armor was replaced by chain mail with sleeves and a hood, equipped with additional chain mail stockings. The armor completely covered the body, weighed about 10 kg and almost did not restrict movement. However, the defense he gave was very dubious. Chain mail armor was easily cut with a saber, pierced with a spear and chopped with an ax.
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The standard, hand-carried means of protecting a warrior from various enemy weapons was a shield. The original shields were made of light wood and sometimes covered with fur, usually wolf fur.
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Plate armor
Full articulated armor not only provided a high level of protection in hand-to-hand combat. The main thing is that they served as a kind of exoskeleton, and thereby sharply increased the survivability of the warrior.
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Well, how did the knights fight? Before the battle, the knight gathered an army of squires and foot soldiers. When the army found itself on the battlefield, the knights began to form, there were about 5 knights in the first row, then 7 knights stood in the next row and with each row their number increased. After the formation of the knights, the formation of the cavalry took place. The battle itself consisted of hundreds, or even thousands of fights and could last for hours, without a break.
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Knight tournament
Military skills were honed in tournaments-competitions of knights in strength and dexterity. Thanks to tournaments, knights, in peacetime, could gain high authority in the eyes of representatives of their class.
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Chivalric code of honor
The knightly code of honor is certain rules of behavior in one’s class. The knight is the hope of the weak and humiliated. The knight had to be generous. The knight was supposed to be alien to cunning. The knight had to be gallant with the ladies, and he had to be faithful to the lady of his heart until the end of his days.
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If a knight boasted about his exploits, but in fact did nothing, then such a braggart was punished as follows: the right side of the head of the coat of arms on his shield was shortened. If any knight dared to kill a prisoner of war, then for this they also shortened the head of the coat of arms on the shield, rounding it at the bottom. If a knight lied, flattered and made false reports in order to drag his sovereign into war, then the head of the coat of arms on his shield was covered with red, erasing the signs that were there. If a knight was convicted of perjury or drunkenness, then two black purses were drawn on both sides of his coat of arms. If a knight was convicted of cowardice, then his coat of arms was stained on the left side.
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Plan. 1. Who are knights? 2. Knight's castle. 3. Raising a knight. 4. Knight equipment. 5. Knight's tournament.
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Who are the Knights? Knight is a medieval noble honorary title in Europe. Only nobles could have it, not commoners. Not all people who called themselves knights were knights. It was often possible to meet an untitled nobleman who had a false title. Knighthood as a military and landowning class arose among the Franks in connection with the transition in the 8th century from the people's foot army to the cavalry army of vassals. Exposed to the influence of the church and poetry, it developed the moral and aesthetic ideal of the warrior.
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A castle is a fortified dwelling of a feudal lord. Early castles had a stern appearance thanks to their blank, powerful walls, designed for long-term defense. With the transition to active defense tactics, machicolations for mounted shooting appear on walls and towers. In the XIII - XVI centuries. castles turn into complex complexes of defensive, residential, religious and economic structures, forming integral ensembles. Their appearance is enriched by arcade galleries (mainly in the courtyards), bay windows, and various towers with elegant finishes. With the development of artillery, the castle lost its significance as a fortress, and the palace building began to play the main role in its composition. Signs of castle architecture are preserved, but the decoration of the towers and battlements with loopholes is becoming increasingly decorative. In the future, castles are replaced by city and country palace and park complexes.
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The knight's armor consisted of a shell, a ringed shirt, a helmet, metal gloves and the same stockings. The knight's helmet in the 11th century was simple, without a visor, the face remained open, and only the nose was protected by a metal plate. By the 13th century, the helmet began to cover the entire face of the knight, leaving only narrow slits for the eyes and small holes for breathing. The knight of the 13th century was completely encased in armor; not a single part of his body remained exposed.
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1 - Swiss infantryman in captured knight's armor 2 - Italian armor 1450 3 - Italian armor 1480 4 - German armor 1480
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Shield. Every knight had one. Drop-shaped shields were common, covering the entire figure of the warrior. The shields were made of leather and were slightly convex on the outside.
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Sword. In addition to the spear, the knight was armed with an iron sword. From the 10th century The swords are massive and up to a meter long. Swords with a semicircular knob and a straight cross. The swords were given nicknames (Roland had Durandal, and King Arthur had Excalibur). The hilts of the swords were decorated with precious stones. They were passed down from generation to generation, and legends were formed about them. Flamberk, a two-handed sword of medieval knights. Medieval sword in sheath, 14th century.
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Spear. The knight's main offensive weapon was a long spear. Its length reached up to 4.5 meters. It consisted of an ash shaft and an iron tip. The spear rarely survived one battle.
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Bow and arrows. The bow was made from hazel, ash, and white elm. Pine arrows. The length of the arrows reached 1 m, and the length of the bow itself up to 2 meters. The shooting distance reached 200 steps. There were also such shooters, the shooting distance reached up to 785 steps.
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Armor. The main defensive clothing of a knight was chain mail, woven from steel rings, sometimes in two or three layers. It had a slit in the front and back (for convenience when riding) and hung down to the knees. The advantage of chain mail was its mobility and strength. The era of chain mail ended in the 14th century. Chain mail is being replaced by armor - the armor of knights made of steel plates that have become solid. This armor was not as mobile as chain mail and weighed a lot, but it guaranteed invulnerability in the hottest fight of the battle. Moreover, even horses began to be covered with armor.
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Helmet. The complete cover of the warrior was completed by a helmet. The head was covered with a hood lined with soft material, and a helmet was worn over it. Initially, it was a domed iron headdress with a nosepiece and cheekpieces. From the end of the 12th century. massive pot-shaped helmets appear, which covered the entire head and rested on the shoulders. The enemy's blow did not reach its target well and at the same time allowed the warrior to breathe freely. 1 - Italian 2 - German 3 - French 4 - French 1310 5 - German 1318 6 - French 1340 7 - German 8, 9, 10 - French 1370 11 - English 12 - Flemish 13 - French 1380 14 - Bishop's Helmet 15 - French 1400
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Raising a knight. The education of the future knight began from childhood. To develop the military spirit in the child, even his games and fun were of a warlike nature: towers and fortifications made of snow that had to be besieged or defended, exercises with a stake representing a spear, etc. When the child reached the age of seven, he moved from female hands He received his male and elementary lessons at home, under his parents' roof, but at the age of ten he was sent to be raised by the most important knights, with whom the child's parents were related or friendly. He constantly maintained deep silence, speaking only when asked a question. The squire was given a sword in his hands for the first time, and on this occasion a corresponding religious ceremony was performed. Already a fourteen-year-old page could achieve the rank of squire; they were allowed closer to the lords, and the young people participated more freely in the conversations and conversations of the knights.
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Initiation ritual. For a long time anyone could be made a knight. Each knight could knight, but most often this was done by the relatives of the dedicatee; lords, kings and emperors sought to assert this right exclusively for themselves.
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Code of honor. I, consciously and voluntarily joining the ranks of the Sovereign Knightly Order of Christ the Savior, aware of my responsibility to the guarantors and the knightly fraternity, give my word of Honor and solemnly promise: 1. To be guided in everything by the interests of the Sovereign Knightly Order of Christ the Savior, to adhere to its Charter and Internal Regulations. 2. To preserve and increase the glory and traditions of Chivalry, to defend the interests of the Knightly Brotherhood, to compete to achieve the goals of the Order in an honest, legal way. 3. Persistently and harmoniously develop your personality, and contribute to this to the Knights of the Order. 4. Hold high the noble title of Knight, never tarnish it with a shameful act. 5.Always, in any circumstances, be a support and protector for the poor, disadvantaged and sick.
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The Cult of the Beautiful Lady The rise of chivalry is also associated with the rise of the cult of the Beautiful Lady, one of the most famous and sublime manifestations of chivalry. The cult of the Beautiful Lady originated with special worship of the Virgin Mary. She was called the “gentle Lady of Heaven”, “Heavenly Queen”. Such worship of the Mother of God, in turn, exalted the earthly woman. By venerating any “lady of his heart,” the knight, in essence, served not her, but some abstract ideal of beauty and purity that he created in his soul. One service consisted of constantly wearing the colors of her coat of arms, fighting in her honor in a war or tournament, glorifying her name and being ready to fulfill her slightest whim.
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Knight's tournament Knight's tournament - a military competition of knights in the medieval Western Europe. Presumably, tournaments began to be held in the second half of the 11th century. The homeland of tournaments is France. The “father” of the tournament is called Geoffroy de Preilly (died 1066). He wrote the rules for the first tournaments. Interestingly, Geoffroy de Preilly was killed in a tournament for which he himself wrote the rules. The purpose of the tournament is to demonstrate the fighting qualities of the knights who constituted the main military force of the Middle Ages. Tournaments were usually organized by the king or barons, major lords on especially solemn occasions: in honor of the marriages of kings, princes of the blood, in connection with the birth of heirs, the conclusion of peace, etc. Knights from all over Europe gathered for tournaments. The tournament took place publicly, with a wide gathering of feudal nobility and common people. For the tournament, a suitable place was chosen near a big city, the so-called “lists”. The stadium had a quadrangular shape and was surrounded by a wooden barrier. Benches, boxes, and tents for spectators were erected nearby. The course of the tournament was regulated by a special code, the observance of which was monitored by heralds; they announced the names of the participants and the conditions of the tournament.
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Knight's tournament Knights fought until the enemy fell from his horse. The winner of the tournament chose the lady he would marry
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They fought in a duel Although specially appointed judges were present at the tournaments, the top judges were beautiful ladies. Any complaint against any of the participants was considered by them, and the decision was not subject to appeal. Opening the knightly competition, the heralds loudly announced its rules and announced what the prize of the upcoming competition would be. In addition to the announced prizes, ladies and maidens often donated their own gold or silver jewelry as a reward for knightly valor. And the main prize itself could be quite valuable. In addition, each knight who defeated an enemy received his weapons and horse as a trophy. As a rule, tournament organizers showed special courtesy towards foreign knights participating.
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Knights in the Middle Ages At the same time, tournaments were held in the domains of the kings themselves or large barons. Unfortunately, in modern world such spectacular knightly art lost its former popularity. That is why many of us do not dream of seeing such fights with our own eyes. But, in fact, there is a corner in Spain where you can enjoy this unforgettable spectacle. Every knightly tournament here begins with a meeting with the Countess and Count, who lead the guests to a special hall where the knights will fight. During the fight, dishes are served according to all medieval traditions. And this whole magnificent show ends with a real ball.
MBOU "Istimis Secondary School" of Klyuchevsky District, Altai Territory
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GBOU GYMNASIUM No. 402 IM. ALIYA MOLDAGULOVA MEDIEVAL LITERATURE. KNIGHT LITERATURE.
MIDDLE AGES – historical period from the 5th to the 16th centuries with the fall of the Roman Empire. The formation of medieval culture occurred as a result of a dramatic and contradictory process of collision between two cultures, ancient and barbarian, accompanied, on the one hand, by violence, the destruction of ancient cities, and the loss of outstanding achievements of ancient culture (thus, the capture of Rome by the Vandals in 455 became a symbol of the destruction of cultural values - "vandalism"), on the other hand, - the interaction and gradual merging of Roman and barbarian cultures. Medieval literature was literature of the traditionalist type. Medieval people found in literature a generally accepted, traditional model, a ready-made universal formula for describing the hero, his feelings, appearance, etc. (the beauties are all golden-headed and blue-eyed, the rich are stingy, the saints have a traditional set of virtues, etc.) In episcopal schools of the early Middle Ages, students read “exemplary” works of ancient authors (Aesop’s fables, works of Cicero, Horace, etc.), learned ancient topics and used them in their own writings.
KNIGHTS Since the 10th century, a knightly movement has been developing in medieval culture. KNIGHT is a medieval noble honorary title in Europe. Knighthood, as a military and landowning class, arose among the Franks in connection with the transition in the 18th century from the people's foot army to the cavalry army of vassals. The nobles taught their sons military affairs from a very early age, and most of all they cared about making the young man strong and dexterous. KNIGHTS are horsemen of noble birth. Over time, the knights formed a special estate, a special class of people, like a military brotherhood. Knights of different nations did not consider each other strangers. They were united by knightly rules, mandatory for everyone. Knights lived in castles.
During the Classical Middle Ages in artistic creativity KNIGHT LITERATURE is being developed. Its hero was a feudal warrior performing feats. The most famous are “THE SONG OF ROLAND” by Godfrey of Strasbourg (French epic), the knightly poetic novel “TRISTAN AND ISOLDA” (Germany. The story of the journey of a fearless knight, through many dangers and struggles, he came to understand the meaning of his existence. Tristan is a hero without equal , the pride of kingdoms and the refuge of glory. Isolde is the daughter of the king or duke of Armorica. Western European literature also includes widespread knightly lyrical Poetry, which glorified examples of loyalty to the Lady of the heart, for the sake of which the knights subjected themselves to possible trials.
In its most mature form, knightly literature developed in the south of France from the 11th century, in one of the oldest Roman provinces - Provence. At this time, knightly lyrical poetry and music appeared. In the Middle Ages, poetry became the Queen of literature, even chronicles were clothed in poetic form. The knights and poets sang the beauty of the Beautiful Lady. Provençal poet-singers were called Troubadours. The poetry of the troubadours was based on a rich poetic tradition. Its sources were: folklore, folk songs - ritual, wedding. The names of 460 troubadours have been preserved in the memory of generations. The most famous Troubadours were Bernard de Ventadorn and Guiraut de Borneil. The most common forms of poetry included: canson, alba, ballad, pastorela, lament. Kansona - the song presented a love theme in narrative form.
(Giraut de Borneil) A ballad at that time meant a dance song: Everything is blooming! Spring is around! - Hey! - The Queen is in love, - Eya! - And, depriving the jealous man of sleep, - Hey! - She came here to us, shining like April itself. And we give the order to the jealous: Get away from us, get away from us! We started a playful dance. (Untitled songs)
Lament - a song in which the poet yearns, mourns his lot or mourns death loved one: No, I will not return, dear friends, to our Ventadorn: she is harsh towards me. There I waited for love - and I waited in vain, I can’t wait for another lot! I love her - it’s all my fault, And now I’m banished to distant lands, Deprived of my former favors and shelter...
In the 12th century, a new literary genre arose - the knightly novel. The authors were most often scientists. The first novels appeared in France. One of the creators of the chivalric novel was Chretien de Troyes. The famous novel “Yvain, or the Knight with the Lion” CONCLUSION The structure of knightly culture was complex. Under the influence of knightly culture, several new directions of Western European culture were formed, and courtly literature appeared. KHIVALRY is a phenomenon of the Middle Ages, one of the most striking signs of that era.
